This study aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges of Merdeka Belajar as a national education program for high school teachers nationally. Teachers’ problem in implementing Merdeka Belajar (Freedom of Learning) curriculum lacks understanding of the procedures. This happened because there was no structural explanation regarding the differences between the curriculum they had been running so far and Merdeka Belajar curriculum. Many problems arise when implementing the curriculum that the education they have been running has made students dependent. In this context, this study questions how high school sociology teachers’ opportunities and challenges in facing Merdeka Belajar curriculum in the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0)? This study aims to identify problems and strategies for teachers in facing the new paradigm of Merdeka Belajar. This study’s analysis is based on theories such as those from Neill, Rogers, Freire, Boal, Giroux, and Knowles to critically analyze the pedagogical paradigm of national education that teachers have used. This study uses Knowles’s theory of andragogy to explore the notion of Merdeka Belajar. This study’s qualitative research method includes observation of the teacher-student relationship and interviews with several high school teachers in Karanganyar, Central Java. Besides, document studies related to Merdeka Belajar program are also used to understand the policy context. This study found that teachers did not realize that they had been using a pedagogical paradigm (education for children) for high school-level children who had grown up. When they switched to Merdeka Belajar curriculum, they also did not know that the paradigm they should be using is andragogy (education for adults). In this situation, they improvised as best they could to implement Merdeka Belajar. The teachers only carry out orders from the school. However, the school is still trying to understand how it works based on structural orders without clarity. Students’ dependence on teachers has become the cause of teachers’ difficulty to move out of the pedagogical paradigm into andragogy. In this situation, the teachers tried to do their best to implement Merdeka Belajar program during the Covid-19 pandemic. Teachers and schools must also face all infrastructural barriers and socioeconomic conditions with limited online learning access.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang strategi yang ditempuh petani urban di tengah keterbatasan lahan di Kota Cilacap. Pemilihan informan dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Jumlah informan sebanyak 9 orang yang berprofesi sebagai petani urban. Peneliti memilih petani urban karena memiliki perkembangan dalam produktivitas pertanian lebih modern. Analisis yang digunakan model taksonomi milik Spradley. Data domain penelitian diidentifikasi, telusuri, dianalisis, kemudian membangun taksonomi tentative. Pertanyaan struktural digunakan untuk memverifikasi hubungan taksonomi dengan melakukan wawancara tambahan. Peneliti menemukan bahwa petani urban mengalami hambatan baik dari lahan, iklim, modal, dan pengetahuan tetapi masih melakukan produktivitas dengan mengandalkan strategi untuk menghasilkan keuntungan serta kemajuan pertanian. Aktor memiliki peranan penting dalam mempertimbangan pilihan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu serta memaksimalkan sumber daya yang dimiliki. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa petani urban tidak hanya bertindak untuk bertahan, tetapi melakukan tindakan pembaharuan untuk keberlanjutan pertanian di wilayah perkotaan.

This research explores the tradition of tèngka in Madura society, and how scholars can appear as controllers in tardisitèngka. The tradition of tèngka in Madura society is the grammar and rules that form the mindset, behavior and customs of Madura.   Tèngka covers all aspects of Madura people's lives to manifest in the pattern of daily life relations and manifests in rituals that have become habits in the midst of Madura society, ranging from various religious rituals, marriage rituals, birth rituals, to death rituals.  Tèngka as a culture in place as customary law, then the practice of tèngka in Madura society is difficult to avoid even refute. Because it has been practiced and preserved for generations, and becomes an increasingly powerful and deep-rooted tradition. One of the important roles of Madura scholars besides being a religious leader, as well as the controller of the tèngka tradition. The significance in  the tradition of tèngka placing Madura scholars as the most decisive figure in the formation of Madura society. Madura  scholars not only became religious figures, but also became cultural figures who accumulated as guardians, movers, maintainers and at the same time controllers  of the tèngka tradition.

The aim of this research is to explain about the management of social capital by the members of "Pemuda Hijrah Jaga Sesama". The data has been collected by interview and documentation. The informants were choose by the snowball sampling method. The five informants are the administration and the members of "Pemuda Hijrah Jaga Sesama". The writer choose "Pemuda Hijrah Jaga Sesama" as the subject of the research is because they have a large congregation in the city of Solo and has a structured routine agenda. The data analysis is done by domain analysis and the social capital theory, and continued with the triangulation source and method as the data validation. The results of this research find out that members of the Jaga Sesama community reap the results of social capital management that is increasing the number of worshipers and members in the Jaga Sesama community, strong values of brotherhood and kinship, and the creation of business relationships. The Jaga Sesama community still needs to develop a social network that bridges the outside (bridging) in order to create a wider relationship.

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