RESUMOContexto. Os aparelhos de pressão aérea positiva (APAPs) vêm sendo utilizados como Padrão Ouro no tratamento da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). No entanto, estudos demonstram uma baixa aderência dos pacientes a esse tipo de tratamento. Objetivo. O presente estudo dedicou-se ao desenvolvimento de um projeto de máscara de APAPs, que agregasse conforto ao paciente e baixos custos de fabricação. Método. O desenvolvimento do projeto baseou-se em dados relevantes sobre diferentes quesitos relacionados às máscaras de APAP. Foram pesquisados fatores como o tipo de máscara preferida pelos usuários, medidas antropométricas faciais da população, materiais e processos de fabricação que pudessem ser empregados na confecção da máscara. Resultados. Desenvolveu-se um projeto de máscara do tipo nasal, com desenho anatômico, propondo-se como materiais de confecção do corpo da máscara, presilhas e testeira o Polietileno Tereftalado modificado com Glicol e para confecção da bolsa o silicone líquido e poliestileno. O processo de fabricação sugerido foi a moldagem à vácuo. Conclusão. O projeto desenvolvido no estudo, propõe uma máscara de APAPs que visa ergonomia e principalmente baixo custo de produção. ABSTRACTContext. Positive airway pressure (PAP) devices are considered the gold standard for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, studies have shown poor patient compliance with this treatment modality. Objective. To develop a PAP mask designed to maximize patient comfort while decreasing manufacturing costs. Method. The design process was based on data on a series of aspects related to currently available PAP masks. Factors included the preferred mask types of PAP device users, the facial anthropometric characteristics of the target population, and materials and manufacturing processes. Results. We designed an anatomical nasal mask system for use with PAP devices, with the mask, clips, and headgear made from glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) and the bag made from liquid silicone rubber and polyethylene. Vacuum forming is the recommended manufacturing process. Conclusion. This study proposes a PAP mask design with a focus on ergonomics and low manufacturing costs.
Rev Neurocienc 2014;22(1):22-28 original 22 RESUMO Contexto. Os aparelhos de pressão aérea positiva (APAPs) vêm sendo utilizados como Padrão Ouro no tratamento da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). No entanto, estudos demonstram uma baixa aderência dos pacientes a esse tipo de tratamento. Objetivo.O presente estudo dedicou-se ao desenvolvimento de um projeto de máscara de APAPs, que agregasse conforto ao paciente e baixos custos de fabricação. Método. O desenvolvimento do projeto baseou-se em dados relevantes sobre diferentes quesitos relacionados às máscaras de APAP. Foram pesquisados fatores como o tipo de máscara preferida pelos usuários, medidas antropométricas faciais da população, materiais e processos de fabricação que pudessem ser empregados na confecção da máscara. Resultados. Desenvolveu-se um projeto de máscara do tipo nasal, com desenho anatômico, propondo-se como materiais de confecção do corpo da máscara, presilhas e testeira o Polietileno Tereftalado modificado com Glicol e para confecção da bolsa o silicone líquido e poliestileno. O processo de fabricação sugerido foi a moldagem à vácuo. Conclusão. O projeto desenvolvido no estudo, propõe uma máscara de APAPs que visa ergonomia e principalmente baixo custo de produção.Unitermos. Máscara, Desenho, CPAP. ABSTRACTContext. Positive airway pressure (PAP) devices are considered the gold standard for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, studies have shown poor patient compliance with this treatment modality. Objective. To develop a PAP mask designed to maximize patient comfort while decreasing manufacturing costs. Method. The design process was based on data on a series of aspects related to currently available PAP masks. Factors included the preferred mask types of PAP device users, the facial anthropometric characteristics of the target population, and materials and manufacturing processes. Results. We designed an anatomical nasal mask system for use with PAP devices, with the mask, clips, and headgear made from glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) and the bag made from liquid silicone rubber and polyethylene. Vacuum forming is the recommended manufacturing process. Conclusion. This study proposes a PAP mask design with a focus on ergonomics and low manufacturing costs.
This paper aims to describe developments in the Santos Basin Pre-Salt risers systems, which in some few years experienced many different concepts to overcome big challenges. This paper also describes initiatives to optimize configurations with evolution and maturity of riser technologies and expectations for future developments. In Santos basin Pre-Salt cluster, due to the challenging environmental conditions, presence of H2S and CO2, water depth up to 2310m, production riser's insulation requirements, relatively high temperature and high pressure, the riser system design for this scenario was something innovative and challenging for the industry. Currently, due to lower oil prices, an even more complex scenario is in evidence, imposing even greater challenges for risers systems regarding cost reduction. The experience acquired with the implementation of the first projects was a key factor to find viable and comprehensive ways to optimize cost. In approximately 7 years of production in the Santos basin Pre-Salt layer, oil production surpassed 1 million bpd by using several different riser concepts: BSRs (Buoy-Supported Risers), SLWRs (Steel Lazy Wave Risers), Flexible Lazy Wave Risers, Free Hanging Flexible Risers and FSHRs (Free Standing Hybrid Risers). Nowadays, with greater maturity and new design premises, considerable cost reduction results have been obtained, mainly motivated by the reduction of buoyancy modules and reduction of riser sections quantity in the flexible risers. For the future, there are other ongoing optimizations studies to apply both flexible and rigid risers in free hanging configuration. In early stages of project development, an extensive engineering work on riser analysis, the establishment of new design premise and some changes on current design process were done through a joint effort by operator, partners and suppliers. These are key factors for the achievement of considerable cost reduction. The maturity reached with the riser system designs was obtained through several design cycles, whose process can bring more future cost reductions.
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