Oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR) are major contributors in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in the progression from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our aim was to assess nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and activating protein‐1 (AP‐1) activation and Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression as signaling mechanisms related to liver injury in obese NAFLD patients, and examined potential correlations among them, oxidative stress, and IR. Liver NF‐κB and AP‐1 (electromobility shift assay (EMSA)), TLR4 expression (western blot), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and IR evolution (HOMA) were evaluated in 17 obese patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy with gastro‐jejunal anastomosis in Roux‐en‐Y and 10 nonobese subjects who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (controls). Liver NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding were markedly increased in NASH patients (n = 9; P < 0.05) compared to controls, without significant changes in NAFLD patients with steatosis (n = 8), whereas TLR4 expression was comparable between groups. Hepatic NF‐κB activation was positively correlated with that of AP‐1 (r = 0.79; P < 0.0001); both liver NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding were inversely associated with FRAP (r = −0.43 and r = −0.40, respectively; P < 0.05) and directly correlated with HOMA (r = 0.66 and r = 0.62, respectively, P < 0.001). Data presented show enhanced liver activation of the proinflammatory transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1 in obese patients with NASH, parameters that are significantly associated to oxidative stress and IR.
(DH, and AV); d Naturalis S.A., Santiago, Chile (MCB, and MF) *Corresponding author: dnhaim@miuandes.cl RESUMEN La esterificación de ácido oleico en policosanoles aumenta su biodisponibilidad y el efecto hipocolesterolémico en ratasLos Policosanoles están formados por una mezcla de alcoholes alifáticos de cadena larga y se obtienen de las ceras de la caña de azúcar. Más de cincuenta estudios indican que los policosanoles reducen el colesterol sérico, mientras que otros no logran reproducir este efecto. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la biodisponibilidad de policosanoles esterificados y no esterificados (NEP), en relación con sus efectos hipocolesterolémicos. Para ello, a ratas Sprague Dawley se les administró una dosis oral diaria de 100 mg kg -1 de NEP, 117 mg kg -1 de policosanoles esterificados con ácido butírico (BAEP), ó 164 mg kg -1 de policosanoles esterificados con ácido oleico (OAEP). La absorción de los policosanoles se evaluó en el plasma entre 0 y 3 horas después de la ingestión. Para evaluar los cambios en el colesterol total, colesterol-LDL, colesterol-HDL y triglicéridos en el plasma y en la fosforilación de la hígado 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril coenzima A reductasa (HMG-CoA red), la ingesta de las ratas fue suplementada con policosanoles no esterificados o esterificados durante 5 semanas. Los resultados indicaron que la absorción de los policosanoles fue significativamente mayor en las ratas tratadas con los OAEP que en las sometidas a los NEP o las que se les administró BAEP. Los OAEP redujeron significativamente el colesterol plasmático total y el colesterol-LDL de las ratas, además de aumentar 5.6 veces (P < 0,05) sobre los valores control, en el contenido hepático de la HMG-CoA fosforilada red. En conclusión, la esterificación de policosanoles con ácido oleico aumenta la biodisponibilidad de los policosanoles, y mejora significativamente el perfil de lípidos séricos en ratas normocolesterolémicos en asociación con la inactivación de la colesterogénesis control HMG-CoA red. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Absorción de Policosanoles -Biodisponibilidad -Efecto reductor de colesterol -Octacosanol -Policosanol -Triacontanol -Ratas. SUMMARY The oleic acid esterification of policosanol increases its bioavailability and hypocholesterolemic action in ratsPolicosanol comprises a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols from sugarcane wax. More than 50 studies indicate that policosanol decreases serum cholesterol, while others failed to reproduce this effect. The objective of this investigation was to assess the bioavailability of esterified policosanol and non-esterified policosanol (NEP), in relation to their hypocholesterolemic effects. Sprague Dawley rats were given a daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg of NEP, 117 mg kg -1 of butyric acid esterified policosanol (BAEP), or 164 mg kg -1 of oleic acid esterified policosanol (OAEP). Policosanol absorption was evaluated in plasma between 0 and 3 hours after ingestion. To assess changes in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and triacylglycerols in ...
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