RESUMO.Foi realizada análise bromatológica da casca do grão de soja (CGS), farelo de soja, milho moído e farelo de trigo; ensaio de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da parede celular (DIVPC) dos referidos alimentos; e degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e energia bruta (EB), da CGS moída (CSM) ou peletizada (CSP). Para a determinação da DIVMS e DIVPC, foram realizadas três coletas de líquido ruminal, com intervalos de uma semana. Para a determinação da degradabilidade in situ da MS, MO e EB, foram utilizadas três vacas munidas de fistula ruminal. Os tempos de incubação foram: 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas, sendo que o tempo zero foi realizado no laboratório. Foram determinadas as percentagens de degradação e das degradabilidades efetivas para MS, MO e EB. A partir dos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que a CGS pode ser utilizada como um alimento alternativo nas rações de bovinos. Palavras-chave: composição química, bovinos, degradabilidade in situ, digestibilidade in vitro.ABSTRACT. Nutritional value of soybean hulls, soybean meal, ground corn and wheat meal for cattle. The experiment was divided into three parts: composition analysis of soybean hulls (SH), soybean meal, ground corn and wheat meal; in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and cellular wall (IVDCW) of the feeds mentioned above; in situ degradation of dry matter (ISDDM), organic matter (ISDOM) and gross energy (ISDGE), of milled (MSH) or pelleted (PSH) soybean hulls. Three collections of rumen liquid were undertaken for IVDDM and IVDCW at weekly intervals. Three rumen fistulated cows were utilized for the estimates of ISDDM, ISDOM and ISDGE. Incubation periods were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, whereas zero time was achieved in the laboratory. Degradation percentages and the percentages of real degradability for dry matter, organic matter and gross energy were reported. Results showed that SH could be used as an alternative food in cattle rations.

RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça e a composição físico-química e de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus de novilhas em confinamento alimentadas com cascas de algodão (CAL) e de soja (CSO) como volumosos e com diferentes fontes energéticas, como milho moído, farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM) ou farelo de arroz integral (FAR). Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas mestiças com peso corporal de abate de 350 ± 35 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (dietas) e oito repetições (animais). As novilhas foram abatidas após jejum de sólidos de 24 horas. As carcaças foram identificadas, pesadas e armazenadas em câmara fria a 2 o C até a manhã seguinte para as avaliações de carcaça. Os animais alimentados com as dietas experimentais não diferiram quanto às características de carcaça; os valores médios de rendimento de carcaça quente foram de 51,4%, os de área de olho-de-lombo, 50,8 cm 2 , e os de espessura de gordura de cobertura, 3,3 mm. As dietas também não influenciaram a composição físico-química do músculo Longissimus, que apresentou em média 73,4% de umidade, 23,0% de PB, 48,2 mg/100g de colesterol e 4,84 kgf/cm 3 de força de cisalhamento.Animais alimentados com a dieta FGM apresentaram maiores concentrações de CLA (0,48%), trans-vacênico (7,69%) e pior razão ômega 6/ômega 3 no músculo Longissimus, em virtude da maior quantidade de ácido linoléico desta dieta. Animais alimentados com a dieta FAR apresentaram maior concentração de ácido esteárico no músculo Longissimus, provavelmente em razão do maior conteúdo de ácido oléico desta dieta em relação às demais.Palavras-chave: ácido linoléico conjugado, ácido trans-vacênico, características de carcaça, composição de ácidos graxos, força de cisalhamento Quantitative and qualitative carcass characteristics of heifers fed different energy sources on a cottonseed hulls and soybean hulls based dietABSTRACT -This work was carried out to evaluate carcass characteristics, physicochemical and fatty acids compositions of Longissimus muscle from feedlot heifers fed cottonseed hulls (CSH) and soybean hulls (SBH) as forage, and different energy sources: ground corn (COR), corn germ meal (CGM) or whole rice meal (WRM). Twenty-four crossbred heifers (initial body weight of 350 ± 35 kg) were allocated in a completely randomized design into three treatments (diets) and eight replications (animals). Heifers were slaughtered after a 24-hour fasting period. Carcasses were identified, weighed and stored in a cold chamber at 2ºC until following morning in order to perform carcass evaluations. The animals fed the experimental diets did not differ as carcass characteristics, the average values for hot carcass dressing were 51.4%, the loin eye area, 50.8 cm 2 , and fat thickness, 3.3 mm. The diets also did not influenced the physicochemical composition of Longissimus muscle, which showed 73.4% of moisture, 23.0% CP, 48.2 mg/100 g of cholesterol and 4.84 kgf/cm 3 of shear force. Animals fed with CGM diet showed higher concentrations of CLA...

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The growing value of industrial collagen by‐products has given rise to interest in extracting them from different species of animals. Intrinsic protein structure variation of collagen sources and its hydrolysis can bring about different bioactivities. This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the differences in vitro biological potential of commercial bovine (BH), fish (FH), and porcine hydrolysates (PH) regarding their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. All samples showed percentages above 90% of protein content, with high levels of amino acids (glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline), responsible for the specific structure of collagen. The BH sample showed a higher degree of hydrolysis (DH) (8.7%) and a higher percentage of smaller than 2 kDa peptides (74.1%). All collagens analyzed in vitro showed inhibition of pancreatic enzymes (α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase), with the potential to prevent diabetes mellitus. The PH sample showed higher antioxidant activities measured by ORAC (67.08 ± 4.23 μmol Trolox Eq./g) and ABTS radical scavenging (65.69 ± 3.53 μmol Trolox Eq./g) methods. For the first time, DNA protection was analyzed to hydrolyzed collagen peptides, and the FH sample showed a protective antioxidant action to supercoiled DNA both in the presence (39.51%) and in the absence (96.36%) of AAPH (reagent 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane)). The results confirmed that the source of native collagen reflects on the bioactivity of hydrolyzed collagen peptides, probably due to its amino acid composition. Practical applications Our data provide new application for collagen hydrolysates with hypoglycemiant and antioxidant activity. These data open discussion for future studies on the additional benefits arising from collagen peptide consumption for the prevention of aging complications or hyperglycemic conditions as observed in chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type II (DM 2). The confirmation of these results can open new market areas for the use of collagen with pharmacological applications or to produce new supplements. Furthermore, provides a solution for waste collagen from meat industries and adds value to the product.

This study aims to isolate metal-binding peptides and synthesize promising amino acid sequences to potentially act as neuroprotective compounds in the future, targeting different mechanisms. Fractions of whey metal-binding peptides (Cu, Fe, and Zn) isolated by immobilized metal affinity chromatography showed different amino acid profiles according to the metal. The Cu-binding peptides presented roughly twofold increase in the in vitro antioxidant, as assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity and anticholinesterase activities over the hydrolysate. This is probably because of the higher concentration of aromatic and basic residues, the latter being crucial for binding to the anionic sites of acetylcholinesterase. Six peptide sequences were synthesized based on the metal-binding sites, molecular mass, hydrophobicity, and bioactivity probability. Among the synthetic peptides, the VF dipeptide stood out both for its in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. This peptide, as well as the fraction of Cu-binding peptides, should be further studied because it may act through different mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to the chelation of the excess of metals in the central nervous system.