Dogs were the first domestic animal, but little is known about their population history and to what extent it was linked to humans. We sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes and found that all dogs share a common ancestry distinct from present-day wolves, with limited gene flow from wolves since domestication but substantial dog-to-wolf gene flow. By 11,000 years ago, at least five major ancestry lineages had diversified, demonstrating a deep genetic history of dogs during the Paleolithic. Coanalysis with human genomes reveals aspects of dog population history that mirror humans, including Levant-related ancestry in Africa and early agricultural Europe. Other aspects differ, including the impacts of steppe pastoralist expansions in West and East Eurasia and a near-complete turnover of Neolithic European dog ancestry.
Jedno od najznačajnijih nalazišta na jugu Karpatske kotline za kraj kasnoga brončanog i početak starijega željeznog doba predstavlja Batina (Kiskőszeg). Iz Batine je već više od stoljeća poznat niz iznimnih nalaza, danas pohranjenih u nekoliko europskih muzejskih zbirki, za koje se pretpostavlja kako potječu iz uništenih grobnih cjelina, a poslužili su u kronološkom definiranju razvoja daljske grupe. S ciljem određivanja položaja groblja daljske grupe u Batini, proveden je sustavni terenski pregled čiji su rezultati ukazali na mogući položaj groblja na položaju Sredno južno od istovremenoga naselja na Gracu. Potom je uslijedila provedba arheoloških iskopavanja na Srednom u kojima su otkriveni brojni paljevinski grobovi daljske grupe iz kasnoga brončanog i s početka starijega željeznog doba. U grobovima su pronađeni keramički, metalni i stakleni nalazi koji su potvrdili dosadašnje pretpostavke o iznimnoj važnosti Batine kao istaknutoga južnopanonskog centra s kraja 2. i prvih stoljeća 1. tis. pr. Kr. smještenoga na važnoj komunikaciji koja je slijedila tok Dunava.
Starije željezno doba na prostoru istočne Slavonije, zapadne Bačke i zapadnoga Srijema naseljavale su zajednice koje se povezuju s materijalnom kulturom grupe Dalj. Kontinuitet u naseljavanju i pokopavanju na istim položajima može se pratiti od kasnoga brončanog doba. U novim istraživanjima groblja iz kasnoga brončanog i starijega željeznog doba u Sotinu pronađeno je 119 grobova. Radi se o paljevinskim grobovima, pri čemu su spaljeni ostaci pokojnika s ostacima nošnje i osobnim predmetima u većini grobova bili položeni u žare te poklopljeni zdjelom u funkciji poklopca. U grobovima starijega željeznog doba bili su položeni i keramički servisi sastavljeni od lonaca, šalica, kantharosa i zdjela koji su sadržavali piće i jelo – popudbinu u pogrebnome ritualu. Interdisciplinarne analize konteksta, nalaza i uzoraka omogućavaju detaljnije interpretacije pogrebnih običaja, identiteta i statusa pokojnika kroz analizu pojedinačnih grobova. Siguran kontekst u kojem su povezani keramički nalazi i nakit omogućavaju i detaljnije datacije inventara unutar starijega željeznog doba na prostoru Podunavlja, sagledanoga u mreži komunikacija i utjecaja vidljivih na predmetima i u pogrebnim običajima.
The site of Dolina in the Croatian region of Posavina has been investigated since 2009 under the leadership of the Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb. In previous excavations five tumuli with one or two cremation deposits of different types (urned, scattered cremation remains, or with an organic container) could be detected. On the basis of characteristic grave goods (bronze pins and fibulae, helmet parts), the burials are dated to the 9 th −8 th century BC or in the stage Ha B3−Ha C1. Typical of Dolina, but also of other sites in Croatia and Bosnia along the middle course of the Sava River (e.g. Donja Dolina), is the ensemble of finds (jewellery, weapons and ceramics) of different regional origin, which underlines the specific position of this region at the interface between the Carpathian Basin to the north, the Alps to the west, the Balkans to the south and the lower Danube to the east. Vessels with incised zigzag motifs from Tumuli 6 and 8 reveal communication with the neighbouring area of northern Bosnia. Similar ornamentation appears there in contemporaneous settlement layers (at Vis and Zecovi) and in the corresponding cremation burials in flat graves (Petkovo Brdo and Mekota). However, the establishment of tumuli at Dolina, and various burial rites with different grave goods, emphasise a strong local component and a distinct individualisation of the graves, i.e. as buried members of a particular but heterogeneous community.
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