Growth promoters have been widely used as a strategy to improve productivity, and great benefits have been observed throughout the meat production chain. However, the prohibition of growth promoters in several countries, as well as consumer rejection, has led industry and the academy to search for alternatives. For decades, the inclusion of phytochemicals in animal feed has been proposed as a replacement for traditional growth promoters. However, there are many concerns about the application of phytochemicals and their impact on the various links in the meat production chain (productive performance, carcass and meat quality). Therefore, the effects of these feed additives are reviewed in this article, along with their potential safety and consumer benefits, to understand the current state of their use. In summary, the replacement of traditional growth promoters in experiments with broilers yielded benefits in all aspects of the meat production chain, such as improvements in productive performance and carcass and meat quality. Although the effects in pigs have been similar to those observed in broilers, fewer studies have been carried out in pigs, and there is a need to define the types of phytochemicals to be used and the appropriate stages for adding such compounds. In regard to ruminant diets, few studies have been conducted, and their results have been inconclusive. Therefore, it is necessary to propose more in vivo studies to determine other strategies for phytochemical inclusion in the production phases and to select the appropriate types of compounds. It is also necessary to define the variables that will best elucidate the mechanism(s) of action that will enable the future replacement of synthetic growth promoters with phytochemical feed additives.
Hair lambs (n 072, crosses of Blackbelly, Dorper, and Katahdin breeds) with an average age of 90 days (21.49 2.3 kg of BW) were used to investigate the effects of sex class (CLASS: ram vs. wether) and zeranol implant (IMP: control vs. 12 mg) on fat and cholesterol content, and fatty acids (FAs) composition of intramuscular longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) and subcutaneous fat (SBC) depots of the loin area. Animals were assigned to one of four treatments with a factorial arrangement (n 018): (1) rams (R), (2) rams implanted with 12 mg zeranol (IR), (3) wether lambs (W), and (4) wether lambs implanted with 12 mg zeranol (IW). FAs C12:0 and C15:0 FAs were significantly higher in the wether's LD. The amount of C22:1 n-9 and C24:1 in rams' LD was higher than those of wethers. Wethers had a higher content of C18:1 cis 9 than R group, and the content of this cis isomer was significantly lower in the implanted group. LD of rams contained a higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and a higher PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio. Cholesterol content in the three tissues (LD, BF, and SBC) was affected significantly by the CLASS)IMP interaction and was higher in wethers without implant. The sex class was the most important factor affecting lipid composition in hair lambs. The higher PUFA content in meat from rams may suggest a nutritional advantage in comparison to meat from wethers.
Se comparó la composición química, digestibilidad in vitro y cinética de degradabilidad de los ensilajes de los híbridos de maíz 33J56 y Virgi, así como los sorgos de nervadura café Silo miel y Gigante verde. Los maíces se cortaron en un estado de madurez de media línea de leche y los sorgos en masoso suave, y se ensilaron en minisilos de laboratorio (n=3). Después de 45 días de fermentación, los minisilos se destaparon y se determinó pH, MS, MO, ceniza, PC, EE, FDN, FDA, LDA, EM, DIVMS, DIVFDN, cinética de fermentación por producción de gas in vitro. No se observó diferencia (P > 0,05) en composición química entre fuentes de forraje, excepto en contenido de FDN y FDA, siendo en ambos casos menor (P<0,05) en ensilajes de maíz. La producción de gas a las 72 h de incubación, parámetros de fermentación (A y C), tasa fraccional de degradación (R) y el tiempo al cual la tasa de degradación es mayor (t RM) fue similar (P>0,05) entre fuentes de forraje. El parámetro de fermentación B, fue diferente (P<0,05) entre fuentes de forraje y dentro de fuentes de forraje fue diferente (P<0,05) entre híbridos de maíz. Palabras clave: Morfología de la planta, producción de gas in vitro, tasa de degradación.
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