One recent theory which seeks to deal with factors related to occupational choice is that of Roe (1956;1957). Roe's theory evolved from the concept of the close relationship between an individual's interests and needs and his occupation, and the 1 relationship between early life experiences and the development of these interests and needs. According to the theory the parents create a particular psychological climate by the manner in which they satisfy or frustrate the early needs of the child. As a result, a basic direction of attention is developed either toward persons or toward ; non-persons. This, in turn, results in pre-.; dictable patterns of specific interests in the adult in terms of the field to which ' •J he will apply himself. His vocation is one of these. Roe's hypothesis was not supported in an investigation by Grigg (1959). The present study seeks to further the investigation of predictions based upon her theory.The specific hypothesis derived from Roe and tested in the present investigation is that ministerial students will perceive their parents as having been more overdemanding and less rejecting than will a group of chemistry majors. Roe does not devote much attention to the possible influence on occupational choice of differences between the attitudes of fathers and mothers. In this study, analysis is made || J Now at the University of Richmond.

In responding to a previously published article, the author argues that although parish clergy may not be in an ideal context for a certain kind of long-term counseling due especially to transference phenomena, their very involvements in the lives of their parishioners represent opportunities for effective ministry. The expectations placed on them by their role often make the minister the preferred and even the unique helper in a wide range of situations.We owe a debt of gratitude to Richard Krebs for his valuable contribution to us in his article, "Why Pastors Should Not Be Counselors" (The Journal of Pastoral Care, December 1980). His major points are that few ministers are sufficiently trained to be long-term counselors of persons, even those few will rarely have the time for it if they are keeping up with their other work as ministers, and even this infinitesimal minority ought not to engage in longterm counseling for reasons which he specifies. Therefore, the training of ministers should not emphasize long-term counseling, but rather those elements of perceptive listening and responding which will be helpful to persons with whom the minister has very brief and occasional pastoral conversations.In addition, the minister should be able to evaluate persons so as to make appropriate referrals. The reasons for not doing long-term counseling, even if one is trained to do so, are the reality of transference phenomena, the danger of role confusion, and the danger of misplaced priorities on the part of the minister.With much of this I agree. Only a few ministers are trained in the complexities of long-term counseling. Only a small percentage of these, if they are parish ministers, would have time to engage in the process if they are doing their other work adequately or better. It is important for all ministers, not just those attempting to do long-term counseling, to be aware of the reality of transference phenomena in their relationships with persons, problems of role confusion, and the danger of over-emphasizing anyone aspect of ministry to the neglect of other essential functions. Brief, unplanned conversations, or the occasional planned ones, can have a powerful impact upon the lives of persons if the pastor is sensitive, can listen with concern and perceptiveness, and can respond helpfully. However, given the value of what Krebs has offered to us in

the total resources o~ the minister in initiating ]or a significant number o~ people those pro. cedures and activities which will prepare them emotionally and help them develop coping be. havior ]or juture crises."

No abstract

Reactive to a broken love affair and the death of a grandfather, with whom she had had a very close and unique lifelong relationship, a 20-year-old woman developed a depression for which she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. A process of intensive crisis therapy, focusing on grief work, was attempted in order to break through the blockages to other therapeutic procedures. The direct, active, and even forceful methods sought to lead her into the expression of the several emotions which one might be expected to feel and express at a time of severe loss of love object. The second step in this therapeutic movement, which assumed the dynamic priority of the loss of the grandfather, was the exploration of her total relationship with him in order to release external ties, reaffirm her own self as a worthwhile person, and rekindle early internalized good objects. The preparation for the termination of the six-session course of crisis therapy included the interpretation of the meaning of the present relationship between patient and therapist and the need to prepare for this loss in open and direct encounter. Abrupt withdrawal of the patient from the hospital following the fifth session prevented completion of this initial interventive procedure.