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A middle-aged upper-middle class sample was used in a replication of Spence, Hclmreich, and Stapp's study of androgyny and self-esteem in an undergraduate sample. The earlier findings were largely replicated. Self-esteem scores for the men were substantially higher than those found by Spence ct al., but the earlier relationships of androgyny, masculinity, and femininity with self-esteem received support. Implications of the demographic characteristics of the sample for the generality of current sex role and sex identity research are discussed.

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Data on self‐re ported delinquent behavior of American adolescents are employed to test the hypothesis that such behavior is invoked as a defense against a derogated self‐image. The hypothesis specifies one source of threat to self‐esteem and its impact on both conscious and unconscious images of the self.

No abstract