-Data from 359 Holstein and 54 Jersey cows (total of 1359 observations) collected in commercial herds in the northeast of Brazil were used to evaluate six environmental stress indexes. The selection criterion was the correlation between the index value with the rectal temperature (RT) and the respiratory rate (RR) of cows. Both Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and Black Globe-Humidity Index (BGHI) had the lowest correlations with animal RT and RR. The selected indexes were the Equivalent Temperature Index (r = 0.293 and 0.520 with RT and RR, respectively) and the Heat Load Index (0.286 and 0.542, respectively).
RESUMO -Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento anual de características termorreguladoras de 200 vacas leiteiras. Durante dois anos consecutivos, foram registradas a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR), bem como coletada uma amostra de sangue para dosagens de triiodotironina (T 3 ) e tiroxina (T 4 ).Foram também registradas a temperatura e a umidade do ar e calculados o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e a carga térmica radiante (CTR), nos mesmos dias de coleta. Houve efeito significativo do ano para a maioria das variáveis estudadas, no entanto, os efeitos do mês de coleta e do rebanho foram significativos para todas. Todos os valores de TR estiveram dentro da amplitude de normalidade, indicando homeotermia. A FR foi alterada em todas as épocas do ano e rebanhos, confirmando a necessidade constante de termólise. No rebanho de maior TR e a FR, houve redução da secreção de T 3 e T 4 . Nas épocas de maiores ITGU e CTR, houve aumento da TR, seguido de maiores FR e menores concentrações plasmáticas de T 3 e T 4 .Palavras-chave: bovinos leiteiros, estresse térmico, termorregulação Annual thyroid hormone variation and thermo regulators traits of milk cows in hot environmentABSTRACT -This work was carried out with the objective to study the annual behavior of thermo regulators traits in dairy cows. Two hundred cows were used during two consecutive years and the respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), as well as a blood sample was collected for triiodothyronin (T 3 ) and thyroxin (T 4 ) dosages, were recorded. Air temperature and humidity were also recorded and the black globe humidity index (BGHI) and radiant heat load (RHL) were calculated in the same days of data collection. There was no significative effect of the year for the majority of studied variables, however, the effects of month of collection and herd were significative for all variables. All values of RT were inside of the amplitude of normality, indicating homoeothermic condition. The RR was altered in every seasons of the year and herds, showing a constant necessity of thermolisys. In herds with higher RT and RR, there was a reduction T 3 and T 4 liberation. In seasons of higher BGHI and RHL, there was increase in the RT, followed for higher RR and lower T 3 and T 4 plasmatic concentrations.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se analisar a variação do pH, da amônia ruminal e do balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a síntese de proteína microbiana de 12 vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 × 4, alimentadas com dietas contendo soja em diferentes formas: farelo de soja (dieta controle), soja crua, soja tostada e farelo de soja + 5% de ureia,
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os impactos ambientais do manejo agroecológico da caatinga, em unidades de produção familiar no Rio Grande do Norte, pelo método Ambitec de produção animaldimensão ambiental, desenvolvido pela Embrapa Meio Ambiente. Foram avaliadas sete unidades de produção familiar, em quatro projetos de assentamentos de reforma agrária do Município de Apodi, RN. Os dados para o levantamento foram obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados aos representantes das unidades produtivas familiares, que atribuíram, a cada variável estudada, um valor que representou a alteração proporcionada pela implementação da tecnologia. Após a inserção dos coeficientes de alteração de cada variável dos indicadores por unidade de produção, o coeficiente de impacto foi automaticamente calculado por meio da planilha Ambitec. O manejo agroecológico da caatinga resultou num impacto ambiental positivo, e suas maiores contribuições foram relacionadas aos efeitos positivos dos seguintes indicadores: capacidade produtiva do solo, uso de insumos materiais, qualidade do produto e diminuição da emissão de poluentes à atmosfera. Dois indicadores geraram efeitos negativos: o uso de energia e o uso de recursos naturais. Pela superioridade dos benefícios gerados, o manejo agroecológico da caatinga é uma inovação tecnológica geradora de impactos ambientais positivos.Termos para indexação: agricultura familiar, agroecologia, degradação ambiental, meio ambiente, sustentabilidade. Environmental impacts of caatinga agroecological handling in Rio Grande do Norte, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental impacts of caatinga agroecological handling, in production unities of family farms, in Rio Grande do Norte, using the method Ambitec of animal production -environmental dimension, developed by Embrapa Meio Ambiente. Seven family farm production units were evaluated within four projects of agrarian reform in the county of Apodi, RN, Brazil. The data for surveying were obtained through applying queries to the responsibles for the production units, who attributed -to each studied variable -a value which represented the alteration resulted from the technology implementation. After insertion of the alteration coeficients of each indicator by production unit, the impact coeficients was automatically calculated using Ambitec sheet. The caatinga agroecological handling had a positive environmental impact, and its major contributions were related to the positive effects of the following indicators: soil production capacity, use of material input, product quality, and decrease of pollution emission to atmosphere. Two indicators had negative impact scores: energy use and use of natural resources. By the superiority of the benefits, caatinga agroecological handling is a technology innovation which generates positive environmental impacts.
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