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INTRODUCTIONVitamin D deficiency, as reflected by circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels <20 ng/ml, is prevalent in as many as one-half of middle-aged to elderly adults in developed countries.1,2 The ubiquitous distribution of Vitamin D receptors in the body, controlled by nearly 3000 genes, 3,4 suggest that a deficiency could have widespread health consequences. Thus, understanding the characteristics that promote Vitamin D deficiency in the general population has important clinical implications. Vitamin D deficiency is estimated to affect over 1 billion people worldwide, 1 and its prevalence is increasing in conjunction with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and derangements in metabolic traits. Recent studies have examined the physiological functions of Vitamin D beyond its well-established role in musculoskeletal health.5 In addition to findings of oncologic 4 and immunologic 5 associations, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements and T2D. [6][7][8] Although 1, 25(OH)D is the active form of Vitamin D, it is not suitable for measuring Vitamin D serum level. 25(OH)D has a longer half-life and it can more precisely show the food intake and skin production of Vitamin D. A serum level of <20 ng/ml (50 nmol/L) 25(OH)D is considered as Vitamin D deficiency, between 20 and 30 ng/ml as its insufficient level and higher than 30 ng/ml as its desirable or sufficient level. 9-11ABSTRACT Background: In India, 30-50% of children and 50-80% of adults are Vitamin D deficient. Limited data exists to assess the association of Vitamin D status, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic traits in Indians. This study was conducted to assess the correlation of Vitamin D deficiency with T2D and metabolic risk factors in the Indian population. Methods: Patients of either gender visiting medicine outpatient department over a period of 1-year and with Vitamin D deficiency (levels <20 ng/ml), not taking Vitamin D supplements and having T2D were selected for the study. Participants were tested for serum Vitamin D, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile parameters. Correlation between Vitamin D deficiency and blood sugar and Vitamin D deficiency and lipid profile was assessed using Pearson's correlation test. Results: Out of 144 subjects, number of diabetic patients were 74 (51.38%) and non-diabetic patients were 70 (48.61%). Among diabetic patients, 10/74 (13.51%) were Vitamin D deficient and among non-diabetic patients, 20/70 (28.57%) were Vitamin D deficient. There was an inverse correlation between Vitamin D and total cholesterol (p=0.01) and Vitamin D and low-density lipoprotein (p=0.01), and it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of Vitamin D levels can be useful in diabetic patients as its deficiency is associated with T2D.

Genetic research has brought a lot of new knowledge in the area of genetic predisposition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It has been proposed that excessive insulin resistance and obesity are also responsible for the higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. Calpain-10 (CAPN10) is a member of a large family of intracellular proteases. The polymorphism at deletion/insertion SNP19 of this gene influences susceptibility to T2DM. The aim of the study was to determine whether calpain-10 (ins/del SNP19) polymorphism contributes significantly to susceptibility to T2DM in population of Navi Mumbai. The study included randomly selected 75 patients of which 33 had T2DM and 42 served as control subjects. Mean waist-to-hip ratio, HDL, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, and triglyceride showed no difference whereas mean of age, FBS, and body mass index showed significant differences between the control and diabetes subjects. Genotyping of calpain-10 (ins/del SNP19) polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction method. Among 75 participants, for allele-specific SNP19, genotype frequencies of allele1 (2R-32 bp), heterozygous allele (2R-3R 32 bp), and allele 2 (3R-32 bp) were 20 (26.6%), 36 (48%), and 19 (25.3%) observed, respectively. The results from the present study have indicated that CAPN10 (SNP19) shows no significant association with T2DM and more extensive studies on T2DM using candidate gene approach may provide better preventive measures and potential disease diagnostic tools.

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