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Backround: In Kampo medicine as well as traditional Chinese medicine, each crude drug is classified by four properties (cold, cool, warm, and heat), five tastes (sour, bitter, sweet, spice, and salt) based on the Yin-yang and five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) theory. The four properties and five tastes are greatly related to the medicinal efficacy of the crude drug in Kampo medicine. The pharmacological function of crude drugs is called "Yakuno" in Japanese. Examples of Yakuno include various functions such as clearing heat and removing blood stasis. Crude drugs with properties classified as cold or cool have the function to clear heat as they cool the body. Crude drugs classified as bBitter also have the function to clear heat. We speculated that anti-inflammatory constituents are included in crude drugs and food that are classified as cold or cool in property and bitter in taste.Keywords: crude drug, Kampo medicine, food, property, taste, nitric oxide, inflammation, pharmacological function

Objective. The purpose of this study was to teach communication skills for patient care to preclerkship students and observe changes in student perspectives towards communication pre to post training.Methods. An eight-week training course was taught to all fourth year pre-clerkship students for two consecutive years, using discussions and research, practicing communication skills, making science-based responses, and developing awareness of patient education for lifestyle, selfmedication, quality of life, and adherence. A questionnaire that was created for this study

Background: The word “resilience” has been trending since recent devastating natural disasters and the COVID-19 worldwide pandemic. This study sought to uncover how Japanese pharmacists perceive and define resiliency and quantify their resilient behaviours for the purpose of enhancing pharmacy education.    Methods: A four-part, online questionnaire that included the 10 Factor Resilient Behavior Scale (F10RBS) was sent to pharmacists around Japan.     Results: Pharmacists defined resilience as “bouncing back” and “a positive adaptation after trauma”. An exploratory factor analysis of the resilience-enhancing behaviours led to three factors: personal health and well-being, altruism, and a positive outlook.     Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that resilience is strengthened through experience and previously established behaviours and skills. This understanding of resilient behaviours can be integrated into pharmacy education by encouraging university students to maintain a healthy lifestyle and make choices that will nurture resilience before experiencing a traumatic event or the stress of professional work.