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Biophysical cues are key distinguishing characteristics that influence tissue development and regeneration, and significant efforts have been made to alter the cellular behavior by means of cell−substrate interactions and external stimuli. Electrically conductive nanofibers are capable of treating bone defects since they closely mimic the fibrillar architecture of the bone matrix and deliver the endogenous and exogenous electric fields required to direct cell activities. Nevertheless, previous studies on conductive polymer-based scaffolds have been limited to polypyrrole, polyaniline, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). In the present study, chemically synthesized polythiophene nanoparticles (PTh NPs) are incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers, and subsequent changes in physicochemical, mechanical, and electrical properties are observed in a concentration-dependent manner. In murine preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), we examine how substrate properties modified by adding PTh NPs contribute to changes in the cellular behavior, including viability, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Additionally, we determine that external electrical stimulation (ES) mediated by PTh NPs positively affects such osteogenic responses. Together, our results provide insights into polythiophene's potential as an electroconductive composite scaffold material.

Polyurethane (PU) nanofibers containing three different essential oils (teatree, cinnamon bark, clove) were produced by electrospinning method. Morphology of the electrospun nanofibrous was studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). We were studying to reveal that different concentration of essential oil display different mechanical properties for the nanofibrous mat. The antibacterial properties of the nanofibrous loaded with the essential oil were studied quantitatively and qualitatively using three strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial evaluation showed higher antibacterial activity for nanofibrous loaded with essential oil compares to control sample. In vitro cell culture were proceed to confirm biocompatibility of the nanofibrous contained essential oils. In this study, we present a comparison of the samples for each of the experiment based on the derived test items and test methods. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed nanofibrous mat loaded with essential oil will be a promising future material for different biomedical applications.

Here, we report the polycaprolactone (PCL) based 2D nanofibrous scaffold with minimal loading (0.0005-0.002 wt%) of Au-reinforced graphene (RG) sheets for improved bone tissue regeneration. The microsized graphene oxide (GO) sheets (829 nm) were tailored strategically to 282 nm-sized monodispersed nanosheets for uniform electrostatic attachment of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The GNPs-GO sheets were reduced to GNPs-RG sheets using a visible-light-induced chemical-free green method where the oxygen functional groups of GO have not been removed completely to enhance the functionality of GNPs-RG for bone tissue regeneration. The monodispersibility of GNPs-RG sheets helped to prepare PCL-based nanofibrous scaffolds with uniformly distributed GNPs-RG (0.002 wt%) with higher electrical conductivity (>3.5 times) and greater mechanical strength (>4.5 times). The electrostatic field simulation studies with COMSOL suggested that there was a uniform distribution of the electric field. The GNPs-RG addition creates an apt adhesion site due to their multifunctional and conductive properties for PCL@GNPs-RG nanofibrous scaffold which resulted in enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The PCL@GNPs-RG nanofibrous scaffold showed higher alkaline phosphatase activity and improved calcium mineralization after 21 d of incubation. The results indicated that the PCL@GNPs-RG scaffold has a promising capacity and potential for bone tissue regeneration.

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