Caries could be minimized by reducing plaque accumulation with an antiseptic mouthwash. However, chlorhexidine 0,2%, the gold standard mouthwash, is known to have side effects. This has led to the innovation of an alternative herbal-based mouthwash that has antibacterial properties; one of the possible natural material is red dragon fruit peels. This study was aimed to prove the effect of red dragon fruit peel extract as mouthwash prepared in several concentrations to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. This was a quasi-experimental study with the post test control group design. There were six sample groups, namely mouthwash with extract concentration of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%, negative control (aquadest), and positive control (chlorhexidine 0.2%). The antibacterial assessment was done by using the well diffusion method calculating the inhibition zone formed around the wellbore. Data were analyzed by using the Kruskal Wallis test and the Mann Whitney Post Hoc test. The results showed that the average inhibition zones formed by extract mouthwash of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% were 3.18 mm, 5.13 mm, 7.30 mm, and 11.01 mm respectively, and by positive control was 14.65 mm. There were significant differences between each treatment group. All concentrations of red dragon fruit peel extract in mouthwash could inhibit effectively the growth of Streptococcus mutans although not as effective as the positive control. In conclusion, red dragon fruit peel extract mouthwash could inihibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans.Keywords: mouthwash; red dragon fruit peel; Streptococcus mutans; antibacterial effect  Abstrak: Karies dapat diminimalisasi dengan mengurangi akumulasi plak menggunakan obat kumur antiseptik. Obat kumur chlorhexidine 0,2% merupakan obat kumur baku emas namun memiliki efek samping. Hal tersebut memunculkan inovasi untuk mencari alternatif obat kumur berbahan dasar herbal yang memiliki sifat antibakteri; salah satunya ialah kulit buah naga merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan pengaruh ekstrak kulit buah naga merah dalam obat kumur dengan beberapa konsentrasi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans penyebab karies. Jenis penelitian ialah quasi experimental dengan desain post test only group control design. Terdapat enam kelompok sampel yaitu obat kumur konsentrasi ekstrak 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, kontrol (-) akuades, dan kontrol (+) chlorhexidine 0,2%. Uji antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi sumuran dengan menghitung zona hambat yang terbentuk di sekitar lubang sumuran. Uji statistik menggunakan Kruskal Wallis  dan uji post hoc Mann Whitney. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan rerata zona hambat yang terbentuk dari obat kumur konsentrasi ekstrak 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% ialah 3,18 mm, 5,13 mm, 7,30 mm, 11,01mm, dan kelompok kontrol(+) ialah 14,56 mm. Perbedaan bermakna terdapat pada setiap kelompok perlakuan. Setiap konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah naga merah dalam obat kumur berpengaruh menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans, namun belum sebaik kontrol (+). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah ekstrak kulit buah naga merah dalam obat kumur berpengaruh menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans.Kata kunci: obat kumur; kulit buah naga merah; Streptococcus mutans; efek antibakteri

Background: Mosquito repellent technology has changed from conventional technology to electric technology, which is more secure and practical. All insect repellent contains chemical compounds that can endanger health. D-Allethrin, the first pyrethroid generation of mosquito repellent is used commercially. Some studies in multi-ethnic population found transplacental transmission in pregnancy. Objective: This study aims to evaluate influences of D-Allethrin in mosquito repellent on liver and kidney, and teratogenic effects in foetal mice. Methods: An experimental laboratory design was conducted in 18 pregnant female Balb/c mice. They were randomized into 3 groups: Group K, P1 and P2. Group K was not given anything. Group P1 and P2 were given exposure pathways of mosquito repellent with inhalation for 12 and 24 hours, in a period of gestational age (0-18 days). On day 19, a Cesar surgery was conducted to take their foetuses and to count the number of living foetuses, dead foetuses, disability, and morphological abnormalities. Results: The administration of allethrin inhalation with dose 12 hours and 24 hours significantly damage mice’s kidney and liver microscopically (p<0.05). A microscopic result of the liver were necrosis in portal areas, hydropic degeneration of lobules, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and fibrosis in the portal area causing a sinusoidal portal to widen. Kidney examination obtained necrosis and hydropic degeneration, as well as the infiltration of lymphocytes and erythrocytes. Teratogenic effects in the foetuses were prematurity and failure of foetal development. Conclusion: Exposure pathways of D-Allethrin in mosquito repellent affected the microscopic appearance of the liver, kidney, and teratogenic effects in the foetuses.

Introduction: The soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) has widely been used as traditional medicine for cancer. No studies have been conduct to investigate the safety of the extract. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity test of soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) on Swiss mice’s liver and kidney.Methods: Twenty four mice were divided into 4 groups. Group I was control group, while group II-IV was given soursoup leaves extract as single dose orally via sonde. The mice were obsereved until day 7 to determine the LD50 and at the end were terminated to collect the liver and kidney. The organs later were made into histopathology slides. The slides read with light microscope. The data analyzed with ANOVA and was considered significant at p<0.05.Results: All mice were alive during the 7 days observation and no mice showing the toxic spectrum after the dosing. Microscopically, no damage on the liver and kidney organ among the groups.Conclusion: The LD50 of soursoup leaves extract is more than 2000 mg/kgBW. This result indicate that the extract is practically non toxic and do not damage the liver and kidney.

The high incidence of alcoholic poisoning in Indonesia is caused by the use of methanol as a surrogate ingredient of nonconforming alcohol. The product of methanol metabolism is toxic to the liver. Ranitidine has been studied as an antidote to reduce the effect of methanol toxicity. The present study aimed to assess the effect of ranitidine administration on the liver damage of Wistar rats with acute methanol intoxication. This research was an experimental study with randomized and posttest-only control group design. A total of 24 male Wistar rats divided into four groups, each consisting of six Rats. The control group (K0) served as a reference normal value. The control group (K1) was intoxicated with methanol 7 g/kg body weight (b.w.) through rat gavage tube. Treatment groups were intoxicated with methanol and 15 minutes after that, Ranitidine (30 mg/kg b.w. (P1) or 60 mg/kg b.w. (P2)) was given intraperitoneally. Ranitidine administration was proven to protect the liver tissue from damage due to methanol intoxication as was indicated from the histopathological examination. Ranitidine with dose 60 mg/kg b.w. is better in reducing the degree of liver tissue damage in acute methanol intoxication rats.

Background: Cigarette smoke contains a lot of free radicals that can reduce antioxidants in the body. One of those is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can induce Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) apoptosis. Reduced ganglion cell axons will eventually lead to optic neuropathy. Supplementing herbal medicines, vitamins, foods, and drinks containing antioxidants is one way to increase oxidant levels in the body. Roselle or Hibiscus sabdariffa is a herbal plant reported to have a lot of antioxidant content.Objective: The study aimed to prove that Roselle flower infusions can reduce retinal ganglion cell apoptosis of Sprague Dawley rats exposed to cigarette smoke.Methods: This was an experimental study with a post-test-only design with a total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to four non-filtered cigarettes/day for 30 consecutive days. They were randomly divided into four sub-groups, and each group consisted of 6 rats. The control group received 1 ml of saline, and three treatment groups received Roselle flower infusions of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% for 30 days. Enucleated eyes were then made paraffin blocks and slides with HE staining. The retinal ganglion cell apoptosis score was assessed by calculating the number of apoptotic cells using 1000x in five fields of view. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: The average retinal ganglion cell apoptosis score in control, treatment 1, 2, and 3 groups were 3.00; 2.83; 2.00; 1.83. There was a significant difference between the control group and treatment groups 2 (p=0.001) and group 3 (p=0.001), while between the control group and treatment group 1, there was no significant difference (p=0.317).Conclusion: The administration of 5% and 10% Roselle flower infusions can reduce the apoptosis score of retinal ganglion cells in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The higher the Roselle flower infusion concentration, the lower the apoptosis score of retinal ganglion cells.