Background and Aim: Reproductive traits play an important role in population increases and the egg production (EP) abilities of Indonesian local ducks (ILD). The prolactin (PRL) gene is a single chain polypeptide hormone belonging to a family of growth hormone genes that are mainly synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland in all vertebrates. It has a significant effect on reproductive traits and EP. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in PRL are a useful molecular marker for EP. This study aimed to identify the PRL polymorphisms based on these SNPs and to uncover the associations with reproductive traits in ILD. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 ILDs consisting of Tegal and Magelang (F0) ducks and their reciprocal crosses, namely, Gallang (F1) and Maggal (F1), were maintained and specific variables were recorded, that is, age at first egg, body weight at first egg, first egg weight, and EP, for 90 days. Allele and genotype frequencies were used to determine the Hardy- Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium. The association between the SNP genotypes of PRL and reproductive traits was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, following the GLM procedure of SAS. The genotypic effects on the reproductive traits were determined using regression analysis. Results: This study successfully amplified a polymerase chain reaction product of 190 bp, which was used to identify the SNP. Results indicated that PRL in ILDs is polymorphic. A SNP was found at position 164 nt (c.164G >A), consisting of three different genotypes, namely, GG, GA, and AA. The genotypes of Tegal and Magelang (F0), and Gallang (F1) populations were not in H-W equilibrium. The Maggal population (F1) was in H-W equilibrium. Significant associations were detected between the genotypes and EP in all ILDs (p<0.01), following a regression line of y=2.337x+64.605, with a determination coefficient of 0.0188 (r=0.14). Conclusion: PRL can be recommended as a candidate gene for reproductive traits in ILD, especially EP.

The present study aimed to determine the productivity and nutrient digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) fodder given different levels of urine fertilizer in various planting media and harvest times. The study was carried out in June - September 2020 and used numbu variety of sorghum planted hydroponically at fodder phase. This study used a 2x4 factorial completely randomized design with 4 replications. The first factor was the harvest time at 5 days (H1) and 10 days (H2). The second factor was the planting media that included water medium as an internal control (M1), 12.5 mL/L of urine fertilizer (M2) and 25 mL/L of water medium (M3), and urea 20 mg/L of water medium (M4) as the external control. The urine fertilizer was derived from Ongole crossbreed urine fermented for 21 days. The density of sorghum seeds in the planting medium was 2.5 kg/m2. The observed variables included plant productivity and nutrient digestibility in vitro. Data analysis used ANOVA and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test to determine significance. The results showed that the addition of urine fertilizer and harvest time had a significant effect on plant height, length of fresh leaf production, dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein compared to those of the internal control. The H2M3 treatment provides a comparable productivity effect with H2M4. Meanwhile, harvest time affected dry matter and organic matter digestibility. It can be concluded that 25.0 mL/L of urine fertilizer in planting medium and harvest time in 10 days were able to increase productivity, dry matter digestibility, and organic matter digestibility of sorghum fodder.

This study aimed to determine the productivity of the Saanen goat, which was carried out at the dairy and forage national breeding centre (BBPTU-HPT) in Baturraden, Central Java, Indonesia. The variables observed were birth weight, litter size and type of birth. This research used the historical survey method. Samples were taken using purposive sampling. The bucks and does mean birth weights were 2.81 ± 0.64 and 2.66 ± 0.66 kg, respectively. The average litter size was 1.35 ± 0.51, where litter size parity 1, 2 and 3 were 1.15 ± 0.48, 1.37 ± 0.63 and 1.53 ± 0.42 kids. Single birth is relatively lower (48%) than twins (52%). The conclusion of this research was that the birth weight of males was higher than females; the litter size increased with increasing parity; the type of single birth had a higher birth weight than twins. Keywords: Saanen goat, birth weight, litter size, type of birtha

Pemanfaatan limbah hasil pertanian, perkebunan dan agroindustri dapat dilakukan dalam rangkamengatasi permasalahan ketersediaan pakan ternak ruminansia. Salah satu limbah pertanian yang memilikipotensi besar untuk diolah menjadi pakan adalah janggel jagung. Janggel jagung dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti sumber serat karena kandungan serat kasarnya yang tinggi. Namun, kandungan protein dan kecernaan janggel jagung rendah sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas janggel jagung sebagai bahan pakan yaitu amoniasi dan fermentasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi level penambahan M21 dekomposer terhadap kualitas fisik amoniasi fermentasi janggel jagung. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penambahan M21 dekomposer atau aras starter komersial (0; 0,02 ; 0,04; 0,06% dari total larutan formula). Variabel yang diamati meliputi warna, bau/aroma, tekstur dan ada atautidaknya pertumbuhan jamur. Data yang diperoleh kemudian diolah secara deskriptif. Hasil diketahui bahwa perlakuan menyebabkan perubahan warna menjadi coklat, bau/aroma menjadi asam dan tercium bau amonia, tekstur pada janggel jagung menjadi lebih lunak serta tidak adanya   pertumbuhan jamur. Perubahan kualitas fisik tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan mampu meningkatkan kualitas fisik janggel jagung.Kata Kunci: Janggel Jagung, Amoniasi, Fermentasi, Kualitas Fisik

Permasalahan ketersediaan pakan ternak ruminansia dapat diatasi dengan memanfaatkan limbah hasil pertanian, perkebunan dan agroindustri. Salah satu contoh limbah pertanian yang memiliki potensi besar untuk diolah menjadi pakan adalah janggel jagung. Janggel jagung dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber serat karena kandungan serat kasarnya yang tinggi. Akan tetapi terdapat beberapa kelemahan janggel jagung jika dijadikan bahan pakan yaitu kandungan protein serta kecernaan janggel jagung yang rendah sehingga perlu upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas janggel jagung sebagai bahan pakan dengan perlakuan amoniasi dan fermentasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi level penambahan M21 dekomposer dan lama pemeraman yang optimal terhadap kualitas fisik amoniasi fermentasi janggel jagung. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah penambahan M21 dekomposer atau aras starter komersial (0; 0,02; 0,04; 0,06 % dari total larutan formula) dan lama pemeraman (0, 14, 28 hari). Variabel yang diamati meliputi warna, bau/aroma, tekstur dan ada atau tidaknya pertumbuhan jamur. Data yang diperoleh diolah secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan amoniasi fermentasi menyebabkan perubahan warna menjadi coklat, bau/aroma menjadi asam dan tercium bau amonia, tekstur pada janggel jagung menjadi lebih lunak dan tidak ada  pertumbuhan jamur. Perubahan kualitas fisik tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan Amoniasi fermentasi mampu meningkatkan kualitas fisik janggel jagung.