Aim:The aim of the study was to examine pathology and the distribution pattern of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in internal organs of chickens from a field case using immunohistochemical staining.Materials and Methods:10 groups of broiler, layer, and domestic chicken were collected from necropsy room Division of Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University. These chickens were originated from West Java and collected based on pathologist diagnosis as suspect of Newcastle disease (ND). They were subsequently confirmed positive of ND with real-time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The respiratory, circulatory, digestive, lymphoreticular and central nervous systems were collected for histopathology examination.Results:The gross pathology and histopathology changes were tracheitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, myocarditis, catarrhal proventriculitis, catarrhal enteritis, typhlitis, perihepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis interstitial, splenitis, atrophy of Bursa Fabricius, and encephalitis.Conclusion:The distribution pattern of NDV in internal organs of chickens from a field case in this study is similar with a previous reported pattern in systemic cases of the internal chicken organs. High intensity of immunohistochemistry stain result was detected in trachea, lung, proventriculus, duodenum, cecal tonsil, kidney, and brain.

AbstrakTradisi Misalin merupakan upacara adat yang dilaksanakan secara rutin setiap setahun sekali di Desa Cimaragas menjelang bulan suci Ramadhan. Banyak masyarakat yang mengetahui dan bahkan mengikuti tradisi tersebut, tetapi belum menyadari penuh nilai-nilai kearifan lokal yang terkadung di dalamnya. Oleh karenanya, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan dan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal Tradisi Misalin di Desa Cimaragas. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode historis, yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tradisi Misalin memiliki nilai-nilai kearifan lokal, di antaranya nilai religius, gotong royong, seni, sejarah, dan ekonomi.Kata kunci: Tradisi, Misalin, Kearifan Lokal AbstractThe Misalin tradition is a traditional ceremony that is routinely held every time it is held in the village of Cimaragas which asks for the holy month of Ramadan. Many people understand and even follow the tradition, but have not yet fully realized the local values contained in it. Therefore, this paper will discuss the implementation and values of the local wisdom of the Misalin Tradition in Cimaragas Village. The method used is the historical method, which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of the study indicate that Misalin Tradition has local wisdom values, in religious exchange rates, mutual cooperation, art, history, and economics.Keywords: Tradition, Misalin, Local Wisdom

Research about the performance of Graphite/N-Graphene and Graphene/N-Graphene as the cathode of primary used modified Hummers and impregnation methods was carried out. Characterization of materials was characterized by using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX and Conductometry, respectively. XRD data show that N atoms were well be deposited on Graphene to form N-Graphene, it was indicated by the weak peak was appear at 2θ = 26.16º. This data was consistent with EDX data where N atoms existed on N-Graphene (2.72 %). FTIR data broad definitely confirm that there is an interaction between C and N (peak at 1396 cm -1 ). The conductivity data showed that N-Graphene has higher conductivity value (1157.32 µS/cm). Meanwhile, the conductivity of Graphite/N-Graphene (1:2) is higher (350.20 µS/cm) compared to the Graphite/N-Graphene (2:1) (102.70 µS/cm) and conductivity of Graphene/N-Graphene (1:2) is higher (969.33 µS/cm) compared to the Graphene/N-Graphene (2:1) (878.18 µS/cm). All data prove that N-Graphene may increase the performance of Graphite/N-Graphene and Graphene/N-Graphene on cathode's primary battery.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan karakter siwa dengan menggunakan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal Leuweung Gede Kampung Kuta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (Classroom Reseach). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, pemberian tes (pre dan post test). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai-nilai kearifan lokal Hutan Leuweung Gede  mampu meningkatkan karakter siswa, yang dibuktikan dengan hasil angket yang meningkat dari setiap siklus, yaitu dari 50% menjadi 80%. Diantara nilai-nilai kearifan lokal Hutan Leuweung Gede Kampung Kuta adalah nilai keagamaan, bahasa, etika, menjaga lingkungan, sistem teknologi dan lainnya.The purpose of this study was to determine the improvement of the character of the shiva by using the local wisdom values of Leuweung Gede Kampung Kuta. This research was conducted using the Classroom Research method (Classroom Research). Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, giving tests (pre and post test). The results showed that the values of local wisdom in the Leuweung Gede Forest were able to improve the character of students, as evidenced by the increasing results of the questionnaires from each cycle, from 50% to 80%. Among the local wisdom values of the Leuweung Gede Forest in Kampung Kuta are religious values, language, ethics, protecting the environment, technology systems and others.

Perkembangan sejarah Kabupaten Galuh berawal dari berdirinya kerajaan di Kabupaten Ciamis yang biasa disebut dengan Kerajaan Galuh atau Kerajaan Sunda Galuh. Kerajaan Galuh ini diungkapkan dalam beberapa sumber sejarah, baik melalui naskah atau prasasti. Naskah yang menyebutkan Kerajaan Galuh ini tergolong kedalam historiografi tradisional yang didalamnya mengandung unsur mitos, dongeng, legenda, dan unsur-unsur yang bersifat historis. Beberapa naskah yang menceritakan tentang Kerajaan Galuh karenanya banyak menggunakan historiografi tradisional, maka sebuah penulusuran penulisan sejarah Galuh secara ilmiah sangat dibutuhkan untuk penulisannya secara kritis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian historis yang terbagi menjadi empat tahapan kerja. Pertama, heuristik yakni tahap pengumpulan sumber. Kedua, kritik yang terbagi menjadi kritik eksternal dan kritik internal, ketiga, interpretasi yaitu penafsiran sumber, dan terakhir adalah historiografi atau penulisan sejarah.Kata Kunci: Kerajaan Galuh, Kabupaten Galuh, Kadipaten Ciancang