No abstract

The issues of freshwater pollutions and the high demand of clean freshwater for daily human activities have forced developing countries such as Malaysia to continuously monitor the quality of the freshwater. The present study objective is to present the trend of water quality status in the Kelantan River downstream, Peninsular Malaysia from 2005 to 2018. Water samples were collected during dry and monsoon seasons from a sampling station located at downstream of the Kelantan River. Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in situ while other parameters were analysed in the laboratory based on retrieved water samples. Water quality status was determined based on National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) for River in Malaysia by calculating the water quality index (WQI) according to the concentration of six water quality parameters involving pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (TSS) and Ammonia Nitrogen (AN). The results showed that Kelantan River had good water quality during the dry season classified in Class II at 2005. The water quality was found to be slightly lower during the monsoon season in year 2006. In addition, increasing the number of construction, human activities in the land use areas, land use changes and the sewage water from domestic, industrial, wet market and food outlets in the Kelantan State have declined the water quality in Kelantan River from Class II (in 2005) to Class III (in 2010 and 2011) and to become Class IV in 2017 to 2018. The results of the present study are expected to give valuable information for the water managers in order to deal with better strategies in controlling the quality of freshwater at the Kelantan River and minimize the incidence of pollution-oriented problems, thus the water can be utilized for various water uses with appropriate quality.

Tsunami yang didasari oleh kejadian gempa bumi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan yang serius untuk penduduk wilayah pesisir pantai, terutama yang berada dekat dengan pusat gempa. Merujuk pada kejadian tsunami yang terjadi pada tahun 2004, pemerintah mulai mencanangkan pentingnya mitigasi untuk melindungi daerah pesisir pantai. Daerah Pesisir Barat Lampung merupakan daerah yang berbatasan langsung dengan lempeng Eurasia. Hal ini dapat menjadi salah satu pemicu kemungkinan terjadinya gelombang tsunami pada Pesisir Barat Lampung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk memperlihatkan potensi penjalaran gelombang tsunami di daerah Pesisir Barat Lampung. Simulasi yang dilakukan dalam kajian ini meliputi dua tahapan: 1) simulasi dari penjalaran gelombang gempa dengan menggunakan data gempa pada tahun 2019 (magnitudo 5,1 di area sekitar Pesisir Barat Lampung) dan dengan mengasumsi magnitudo gempa sebesar 6,0; 7,0 dan 8,0 (simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deformasi), 2) Simulasi penjalaran gelombang tsunami dengan menggunakan TUNAMI Modified (beta version). Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, penjalaran gelombang tsunami dengan magnitudo 5,1 tidak mencapai garis pantai pada daerah Krui dan Bengkunat. Sedangkan untuk gempa dengan magnitudo 8,0 menghasilkan gelombang sebesar 1,14 meter pada garis pantai Bengkunat. Walaupun penjalaran gelombang pada gempa 5,1 tidak mencapai garis pantai, namun perlu adanya simulasi potensial penjalaran gelobang tsunami untuk magtitudo gempa yang lebih besar guna pengambilan keputusan dalam penentuan mitigasi bencana di daerah Pesisir Barat Lampung.

The rapid development in Bandar Lampung resulted in the expansion of residential areas and the reduction of green areas as water-retribuid areas. Flash floods have become a common problem in Bandar Lampung during the rainy season since several decade. To reduce the problem of flash floods that are being faced by the people of Bandar Lampung, especially at RT. 005, Jagabaya II Village, Way Halim district, Bandar Lampung city during the rainy season, a PKM team from Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia has socialized about porous drainage. Porous drainage is one of the environmentally friendly drainage methods that is also functioned as a rainwater retention. In addition, the PKM team also trained the people of Jagabaya II Village, Way Halim district in assembling and installing of the porous drainage as an effort to make them as a pilot community that contributes to flood prevention occurred in Bandar Lampung city. Within three days, eight retention points of porous drainage have been installed in flood-prone areas in Jagabaya's II Village. The activities of increasing public knowledge about porous drainage are well done while the people of Jagabaya II Village look enthusiastic and wish more counseling activities to be continued with other topics related to drainage and flood management. Besides, the leader and people of Jagabaya II Village expect ongoing activities such as maximizing the retention points of porous drainage because eight points has not been enough to reduce large volume of flooding in their environment. The community wish that by installing more retention points of porous drainage, it will be able to reduce large volume of flooding that often occurs in their environment, especially during heavy rains. Keywords: Socialization, porous drainage, infiltration rainwater, flood

Background: The application of insecticides for malaria vector control has remained a global problem, due to the current trend of increased resistance against these chemicals. This study aims to determine the insecticide-resistant status in Asia and how to implement the necessary interventions. Moreover, the implications of resistance in malaria vector control in this region were studied. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using a predefined protocol based on PRISMA-retrieved articles from four science databases, namely ProQuest, Science Direct, EBSCO, and PubMed in the last ten years (2009 to 2019). The searching process utilized four main combinations of the following keywords: malaria, vector control, insecticide, and Asia. In ProQuest, malaria control, as well as an insecticide, were used as keywords. The following criteria were included in the filter, namely full text, the source of each article, scholarly journal, Asia, and publication date as in the last ten years. Results: There were 1408 articles retrieved during the initial search (ProQuest=722, Science Direct=267, EBSCO=50, PubMed=285, and Scopus=84). During the screening, 27 articles were excluded because of duplication, 1361 based on title and abstract incompatibility with the inclusion criteria, and 20 due to content differences. In the final screening process, 15 articles were chosen to be analyzed. From the 15 articles, it is known that there was dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids resistance in several anopheles species with a mortality rate of less than 80%. Conclusions: The report on the pyrethroid resistance was complicated, since this insecticide was considered effective in malaria vector control. Therefore, several strategies were required, including the management plans in selecting insecticides, using a rotation system during interventions in the field, regular monitoring, and integrating vector control based on physics, chemistry, and biology. All of these need to be supported by cross-sector policies and cooperation in achieving the 2030 malaria-free target.