We are in the so-called nutritional transition, in which obesity and its comorbidities have emerged as an important research topic, and the information on food composition is fundamental to promote nutritional safety. Fructose is the sweetest carbohydrate, and this sweetness, along with its low cost, is the key factor for its use in commercial drinks and sweets. The global average consumption of fructose per capita has increased from 56 g/day in 1986 to 65 g/day in 2007. Experimental models associate high fructose intake with the development of obesity and induced insulin resistance. In recent studies, diabetic patients have been reported to use fructose more frequently than glucose. Fructose acts differently in the hypothalamus and generates less satiety than glucose; thus, fructose has a high lipogenic potential. Replacing fructose with another isocaloric carbohydrate is associated with better glycemic control.

The obesity epidemic gathers growing media attention recently, as overweight and obesity's prevalence keeps rising. This comes along with an increase in the intake of artificial sweeteners in food products. A causal relationship between the consumption of sweeteners and obesity is so far not clear in the medical literature. This paper describes the development of artificial sweeteners in a historical context. It collects epidemiological and experimental evidence that possibly relates the use of artificial sweeteners with weight gain. Finally, these effects are explained based on the neuroscience of food reward, the possible effects of glucose on the metabolism and the association between sweeteners and gut microbiota.

Abstract:: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by numerous metabolic disorders, which have in common the serum elevation of glucose, caused for a pancreatic malfunction in insulin secretion and / or its action. It is a non-communicable disease, considered major public health problems and generalized growth worldwide, being a chronic disease, which can generate a high treatment cost. Metabolic surgery is a safe treatment, regulated by the Federal Council of Medicine and useful in treating people with BMI over 30 years of age, who are unable to control pathologies associated with obesity, especially type 2 diabetes. The general objective of this study is to understand through a literature review the main impacts of metabolic surgery about the remission of DM 2. This present study it is an exploratory and descriptive study carried out through a literature review. Data were collected through research in virtual health databases, at the Virtual Health Library - VHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information System, LILACS, National Library of Medicine - MEDLINE, Scielo, USP database, PUBMED theses and books. Metabolic surgery proof be a good and effective treatment for having and maintaining good weight loss, as well as a significant clinical and metabolic improvement that extends beyond weight loss. Metabolic surgery is a satisfactory way of achieving long-term weight reduction in obese individuals, increasing survival for these patients. Obese patients with DM2 have a long-term remission of DM2 after bariatric / metabolic surgery. Therefore, it concludes that such procedure is effective in the treatment of the disease and other diseases associated with obesity. 1

Obesity is a public health problem and its prevalence increases every year, resulting from a complex interaction between genetic, metabolic and environmental factors, as well as cultural influences. The Intestinal Microbiota is composed of trillions of microorganisms by forming a symbiotic relationship with the host and helping the absorption of various nutrients, increasing the extraction of components of the diet, the lipogenesis and intestinal permeability. Studies show that there is difference between the composition of the intestinal microbiota of an obese person and a healthy one. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between the Intestinal Microbiota, Obesity and Insulin Resistance and also illustrate some studies on the subject.

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