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The aim of this study was to evaluate heparin-induced in vitro capacitation-associated changes in spermatozoa of swamp buffalo. Therefore, freshly ejaculated and washed spermatozoa of 8 swamp buffalo bulls were capacitated in vitro in TALP medium supplemented with BSA, heparin, and HEPES buffer at a concentration of 6 × 10 9 spermatozoa/mL at 37 °C for 6 h. Capacitation status of spermatozoa in terms of the hyperactivated motility, acrosome membrane integrity, total hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and sperm membrane protein (SMP) and cholesterol content were estimated for each ejaculate at 1-h intervals from 0 to 6 h of incubation. The results revealed that the highest hyperactivation of spermatozoa (74.50 ± 1.78%) and live acrosome reaction (56.92 ± 1.88%) was recorded at 4 h of incubation while the total HOSTreacted spermatozoa and SMP and cholesterol levels decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with increasing period of incubation. The AST and ALT activities increased significantly (P < 0.01) as incubation period increased. In conclusion, heparin induces in vitro capacitation changes in swamp buffalo spermatozoa as evidenced by the highest hyperactivation of spermatozoa and live acrosome reaction at 4 h of incubation.

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The health of people, animals, and microbes depends on selenium, a trace micronutrient. Recently, several researchers have become interested in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) because of their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity. Selenium nanoparticles are therefore widely used in a variety of biomedical applications due to their greater bioactivity. The antioxidant defence capacity of semen is reduced during processing and cryopreservation; nevertheless, the antioxidant inclusion in the freezing extender has a shield in opposition to the peroxidation of lipids, maintaining metabolic function and cellular function. Selenium acts as a crucial part of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), an enzyme that defends cellular membrane lipids from free radical damage and protects interior cell structures. Semen from numerous animals, including sheep, dogs, man, goats, birds and cattle, has been found to have glutathione peroxidase activity. This review discusses the impact of selenium nanoparticles on the status of spermatozoa.