Chile se encuentra en su tercer proceso de reformas institucionales en menos de un siglo. Al igual que las anteriores, las reformas actuales comparten una vocación internacionalista y tecnocrática. Estos dos procesos previos, sin embargo, tienen también una importante diferencia. Mientras las reformas impulsadas por la misión Kemmerer durante los años 20 fueron graduales, la "revolución silenciosa" de la década de los 80 fue el complemento de un programa acelerado de privatizaciones. Las agencias creadas durante las reformas kemmererianas fueron moviéndose progresivamente hacia un diseño con altos estándares de independencia formal y un sistema funcional de distribución de competencia. Al contrario, las reformas de los Chicago boys establecieron una autoridad regulatoria diferenciada para cada uno de los mercados que pasaron a liberalizarse. Ello generó un sistema atomizado y con bajos niveles de independencia formal. En este contexto, es importante que el aumento en los niveles de independencia formal de las agencias venga acompañado de una racionalización de sus competencias regulatorias y un fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de coordinación administrativa.
It is generally assumed that independent agencies reflect the Congress’ willingness to deal with two different sources of risk that complement each other: political uncertainty regarding the policy implemented, and technical uncertainty regarding the outcome that would be achieved with that policy. This paper claims that such complementariness is true only when the Congress is expecting to capture the benefits of a sound technical decision. If this is not the case, for example when there is a large possibility of a political turnover in the near future, institutional design should follow a dynamic of entrenchment. Here politics and expertise substitute each other, thus reducing the optimal choice of agency independence. This paper illustrates these ideas by comparing the two waves of institutional reforms that occurred in Chile in the 1920’s and the 1980’s. The variance in the level of insulation achieved by each process responds to a key political difference: the first one was conducted through a democratic consensus that was meant to last several decades, whereas the second one was conducted during an authoritarian regime aware that its tenure in power was coming to an end.
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