Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is an important bacterial disease in rice leading to heavy yield and economic losses. In current investigation, the rice leaf samples from infested regions were screened for Xoo strains linked to incidence of this disease. Subsequently, 17 different isolates were identified based on Gram staining, KOH assay and PCR analysis. Moreover, the percentage diseases incidence and weight loss of 1000-grains of each sample from four zones of rice production were recorded. Both biochemical test exhibited red stained and rod like Gram-ve bacteria. In addition, the molecular recognition by means of a 16S rRNA universal primer revealed DNA amplification in 15 out of 17 isolates which confirmed the pathogen as "Xoo". The data assessed for disease incidence in all investigated districts ranged between 70.12%-49.23%. While, the maximum and minimum weight losses of 17.84% and 11.17% from Sialkot and Narowal were recorded respectively. The application of such tools for Xoo detection and its impact on crop yield are contested in this investigation.

The aim of this study is detection of salt tolerant gene (TaST) selected wheat genotypes for salt tolerance  (1H, 2H , 3H) through plant breeding program as compared with local cultivars (sensitive)  under salinity condition. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (q-RT-PCR) was used to detect TaST salt tolerant gene in these selected genotypes. Also chlorophyll and organic compounds contents were estimated in the upper leaves of the selected genotypes and local cultivars. Results of the PCR showed that the gene band of TaST appeared only in the selected genotypes with length 175bp at both salinity conditions, while this band absent in the local cultivars, (sensitive) (Iraq and latefyi), also at both salinity conditions. All the selected genotypes had the same band size (175bp). Chlorophyll content in the upper leaves of selected genotypes increased at salinity treatment, while it decreased in the leaves of local cultivars at this treatment as compared with non-saline conditions. The results also, showed that the selected genotypes had the highest organic compounds in their leaves, especially under salinity condition. It can be concluding that the selected genotypes (1H, 2H, and 3H) were more salt tolerance than local cultivars (Iraq, latefyi).

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