Cancer of the digestive system is the most common cause of death among malignant neoplasms (Table 1). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for 2008, the incidence of cancer of the digestive system was 49.2 people per 100 thousand people per year, the mortality rate was 34.3 people per 100 thousand. At a relatively low incidence rate, esophageal cancer is the seventh most common cause of death from malignant tumors, giving way to lung, breast, stomach, liver, prostate, and colon cancers. This is due to the extremely malignant nature of the course, early metastasis, and late diagnosis of esophageal cancer. The aggressiveness index, calculated as the ratio of deaths to new cases, is extremely high in esophageal cancer and is about 95%. The absolute number of deaths from esophageal cancer in 2008 in the world was 406 thousand people. In developing countries, morbidity and mortality from esophageal cancer are significantly higher than in developed countries (Table 2). The most common two histological types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite the similarity of the clinical picture, diagnostic and therapeutic tactics, an extremely unfavorable prognosis for both forms of esophageal cancer, these malignant neoplasms have different risk factors, socio-geographic and ethnic characteristics, knowledge of which is necessary for the timely establishment of the diagnosis and preventive measures. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (Fig. 1) is an extremely aggressive epithelial malignant tumor of stratified squamous epithelium, in most cases localized between the middle and lower third of the esophagus, the tumor is rare in the cervical esophagus

This review examines changes in the hemostatic system parameters in patients with COVID-19 and analyzes their practical significance. The article discusses modern approaches to the prevention and treatment of thrombotic/thromboembolic complications in COVID-19.

No abstract

Цель исследования. Изучение распределения частот генотипов и аллелей генов BRCA1 и BRCA2 у здоровых женщин и пациенток с раком яичников и их вклада в развитие заболевания. Материал и методы. Изучены данные 208 женщин с раком яичника, находившихся на диспансерном учете в Андижанском областном онкологическом диспансере в период 2008-2015 гг. и 80 здоровых ближайших родственниц пациенток. Результаты. Из 208 пациенток с раком яичников у 11,1% были выявлены 5 из 8 мутаций гена BRCA1/2-4153delA, 5382insC, Cys61Gly, 2080delA, 3819delGTAAA. При этом превалирующими явились 5382insC (BRCA1) у 8,7% и BRCA1_4153delA у 2,9% от всех больных раком яичников. Среди 80 здоровых родственниц был выявлен вариант BRCA1 5382insC у 2% женщин. Наличие мутации в гене BRCA1 у больных раком яичников ассоциируется с прогностически неблагоприятным течением заболевания, общая эффективность 0%, а у больных без мутации-70,1%. Заключение. Полученные результаты вносят существенный вклад в современные достижения медицинской генетики, онкогинекологии и иммунологии. Особенности течения, лечения и прогнозирования рака яичника являются базой для дальнейшего изучения возникновения и развития этого заболевания.

For the first time on a large clinical material, the results of the study of clinical and morphological features and prognostic factors of clear cell ovarian cancer and mixed malignant neoplasms of the ovaries with a mandatory clear cell component are presented. Based on a comparative analysis of pure and mixed forms of clear cell neoplasms of the ovaries, their morphological signs and features of the clinical course of the disease were established. The factors of prognosis of malignant clear-cell neoplasms of the ovaries were revealed: the stage of the disease, the volume of surgery, the degree of tumor differentiation and the degree of cellular anaplasia.