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Objective – The circular economy aims to preserve the value of products and materials within a closed supply chain. The existing models and decision-making methods for managing the end of the product life cycle are mostly focused on the economic aspects. While the circular economy is aimed at combining environmental, economic and social goals. This article aims to develop a model for enterprise decision-making on the disposal of used products, taking into account socio-environmental and economic factors. Methodology/Technique – The article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on the formation of closed supply chains and the development of a circular economy. At the same time, special attention is focused on the model of a closed product life cycle, as a fundamental element in the formation of a circular economy at the micro and nano levels, as well as the importance of using digital technologies at all stages of the product life cycle. Findings –The methods of product management at the end of the life cycle studied in the article have made it possible to form a simulation decision support model regarding the method of product disposal, taking into account environmental and economic feasibility. Novelty – This study identified the main trends in the development of closed supply chains under the influence of digital technologies in the context of a circular economy. Type of Paper: Review JEL Classification: F42, F43 Keywords: Circular Economy; Digital Technology; Decision-making Model; Closed-loop Supply Chains Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Vetrova, M; Ivanova, D. (2021). Closed Product Life Cycle as a Basis of the Circular Economy, Journal of Business and Economics Review, 5(4) 36–50. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(4)

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the ways and identify the main trends of language learning transformation in universities for sustainable development in order to encourage students’ soft skills and competences for real commitment and interaction. Education is considered as a means through which individuals can improve their quality of life. If we redesign institutional educational programs on language learning based on students’ needs and expected outcomes, then both the quality of language education and the quality of life will improve dramatically. It also tries to consider the directions to implement sustainability in foreign language teaching through curriculum, interdisciplinary approach and innovation.

Subject. The article deals with the scope of application of digital technologies to tax monitoring and administration. Digitalization plays an important part in activities performed by the Federal Tax Service and helps reduce the administrative workload on both taxpayers and tax authority. The use of digital communication channels saves our time, because it allows to submit tax returns and send letters online. Furthermore, it enhances the efficiency of in-office audits and helps identify eventual tax violations. Objectives. We review a set of digital services and technologies used by the Federal Tax Service, their effectiveness, and present our findings on taxpayers' attitude to ongoing digital reforms. Methods. The validity and argumentation are based on official statistics of the Federal Tax Service concerning the dynamics of tax revenues and inspections, quantitative research through questionnaires and analysis of the findings. Results. We examine a range of digital services and technologies, including the Automated Control System – Value Added Tax, a new type of cash registers – Automated Information System Marking, Federal Government Information System – Unified State Register of Civil Registry Office, and personal accounts of taxpayers. Moreover, the article presents results of a survey among owners and top managers of companies, identifying their opinion on the coming taxation reforms. Conclusions and Relevance. Digitalization helped the Federal Tax Service significantly increase the efficiency of tax audits, while reducing the frequency of tax audits and the number of fly-by-night companies and the likelihood of using informal tax administration schemes. However, authorities should find a balance between the enhancement of the taxation system and their relationship with businesses.