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In extracts of various mammalian tissues obtained in the presence of protease inhibitors Val‐tRNA synthetase exists exclusively as a complex with a molecular mass of about 800 kDa. This complex was purified by gel filtration and two HPLC steps and contained five different polypeptides with molecular masses of 140, 50, 50, 40 and 30 kDa. The complex seems to have no tissue or species specificity, because preparations with identical polypeptide composition were obtained by the same method from rabbit liver and reticulocytes, and rat and beef liver. Four low‐molecular‐mass polypeptides were identified by two‐dimensional electrophoresis as subunits of the heavy form of elongation factor 1 (EF‐1H). The complex possesses the activity of EF‐1 in the poly(U)‐directed translation system, indicating that EF‐1H is an integral part of the complex. Gel filtration of the tissue extracts reveals three different peaks of EF‐1 activity, corresponding to EF‐1α, EF‐1H and the high‐molecular‐mass complex of Val‐tRNA synthetase and EF‐1H. All activity of Val‐tRNA synthetase and about 25% of EF‐1 activity are associated with the complex. Different forms of EF‐1 revealed no significant differences in the nucleotide‐binding properties, but the complex of Val‐tRNA synthetase with EF‐1H was 10 times more active in the poly(U)‐directed binding of Phe‐tRNA phe to ribosomes than EF‐1H. These result strongly suggest that the complex of Val‐tRNA synthetase with EF‐1H is a novel functionally active individual form of EF‐1.

Most of the land reforms of recent decades have followed an approach of "formalization and capitalization" of individual land titles (de Soto 2000). However, within the privatization agenda, benefits of unimproved land (such as land rents and value capture) are reaped privately by well-organized actors, whereas the costs of valorization (e.g., infrastructure) or opportunity costs of land use changes are shifted onto poorly organized groups. Consequences of capitalization and formalization include rent seeking and land grabbing. In developing countries, formal law often transpires to work in favor of the winners of the titling process and is opposed by the customary rights of the losers. This causes a lack of general acknowledgement of formalized law (which is made responsible for deprivation of livelihoods of vulnerable groups) and often leads to a clash of formal and customary norms. Countries may fall into a state of de facto anarchy and "de facto open access". Encroachment and destruction of natural resources may spread. A reframing of development policy is necessary in order to fight these aberrations. Examples and evidence are provided from Cambodia, which has many features in common with other countries in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa in this respect.

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