<p>Divergent cultural schema (DCS) is a collection of cultural knowledge required to interpret a text, which is assumed to be present in source readers (SR) but absent in target readers (TR). DCS typically takes the form of a highly concise source text without any sufficient information, so the translator applied various strategies. Bram Stoker’s Dracula, consisting of its English source text (ST) and Indonesian target text (TT), was chosen as data source due to its strong Victorian-European setting which contains many potential DCS. Data analysis generated several categories of results. The first is units of analysis (n = 758) which are classified into various schemata (n = 21) and subschemata (n = 84) based on certain similarity in schematic characteristics. The second is various types of ST divergence (n = 13). The third is the reasons for applying domesticating (n = 16) or foreignizing (n = 12) strategies, as well as their weaknesses (n = 20). The fourth is domestication as the dominant translation ideology. The fifth is a number of interesting phenomena (n = 25) related to the transfer of DCS such as ideological level, different levels of divergence among TR, and “foreignization” and “domestication” by ST writer. This research demonstrates the complexity of strategy applications and ideological positions which are dependent on many factors such as narrative context, linguistic constraints, ST divergence, or TR schemata.</p>

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ABSTRACT The translation of figurative expressions requires special treatment, because they contain certain implicit message conveyed by the original author. One of the frequently used figurative devices is personification. The objective of this study is to examine the translation of personification in novels “Amba” and its translation “Alle Farben rot”. This corpus-based research used the literary study technique and critical discourse analysis. Results show that four translation procedures were used to translate personification. Furthermore, this study also identified personifications translated with meaning modulation by means of graduation appraisal and those translated without meaning modulation.  Based on these findings, we conclude that the translators of personifications in both works can emulate the original author’s style by preserving universal meanings shared by both the source and target language.   ABSTRAK Penerjemahan ungkapan figuratif memerlukan perlakuan khusus, karena ungkapan semacam itu mengandung pesan tersembunyi dari penulis. Salah satu majas yang paling sering digunakan adalah personifikasi. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji penerjemahan personifikasi dalam novel “Amba” dan terjemahannya “Alle Farben rot”.  Penelitian ini berbasis korpus dengan pendekatan kajian pustaka dan analisis wacana kritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan personifikasi. Di samping itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan penerjemahan personifikasi yang diterjemahkan dengan pergeseran makna melalui appraisal graduasi dan penerjemahan personifikasi yang diterjemahkan tanpa mengalami pergeseran makna. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerjemah mampu menerjemahkan personifikasi dalam Amba dengan mempertahankan gaya penulis dan dengan menggunakan makna universal yang berterima dalam kedua pasangan bahasa.

Komunikasi elektronik membuat hubungan antarmanusia semakin cepat, murah, dan efisien. Bagaimanapun, tidak semua orang memahami sepenuhnya kelebihan/kekurangan media komunikasi yang mereka gunakan sehingga membawa akibat yang tidak pernah terbayangkan sebelumnya. Artikel ini membahas mengenai salah satu fitur dalam situs jejaring sosial Facebook, yakni “pesan”. Korpus penelitian berupa sebuah pesan dan 118 buah balasan. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan membuktikan ketidakefektifan penyampaian suatu pesan dengan parameter khusus yang dilandaskan pada model Organon Bühler (1990) yang terdiri atas empat unsur, yakni tanda (sign), simtom, simbol, dan sinyal. Tingkat ketidakefektifan penyampaian pesan diukur dengan membandingkan parameter-parameter interpretasi ideal dengan balasan-balasan aktual dari korpus. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa semua balasan tidak efektif dan mengalami derajat penyimpangan yang berbeda-beda terhadap topik pesan yang dipicu oleh masalah pelanggaran privasi. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi ilustrasi tentang dampak negatif yang mungkin ditimbulkan oleh penggunaan media elektronik secara kurang bijaksana.

Translating figurative insults is one of the challenging features of literary translation because these expressions are often culture-bound and produce specific effect. This study seeks to propose a translation produced using predominantly foreignizing approach in an attempt to preserve the original effects, connotations, and nuances of the source text and to examine the extent to which foreignization and domestication can work together when used to deal with certain text types. The source text is taken from Remy Sylado’s novel Ca-Bau-Kan: Hanya Sebuah Dosa, particularly figurative verbal insults between several characters because of their offensive and hilarious double-effect unique to the Betawi culture of Indonesia. Analysis found 9 non-substitutions, 14 partial substitutions, and 7 total substitutions of figurative images, which reflects the translator’s foreignizing tendency. However, there are also some domesticating strategies in order to avoid gross awkwardness and/or loss of effect due to target language constraints and the connotative neutrality of perfect literal equivalents. This study demonstrates that the foreignization approach can be applied with little domestication when the source text shows high originality and the target language has the right linguistic devices to accommodate it.KEYWORDS: Culture, Trnaslating, Remy Sylado, Ca-Bau-Kan