Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has spread quickly across the world and has been declared a pandemic. Indonesia has many COVID-19 cases, with a high mortality rate. This study aimed to describe the distribution of COVID-19 in Indonesia and constructed the SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic tree from Indonesian isolates and those from other countries, including other CoVs to determine their relationship. The distribution data of COVID-19 in Indonesia were obtained from the COVID-19 Management Handling Unit and descriptively analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 isolates were retrieved from the GenBank® (National Center of Biotechnology Information, USA) and GISAID EpiCoV™ databases and were used to construct phylogenetic trees using MEGA X software. Of the 37 provinces in Indonesia, five provinces with the highest case fatality rates were DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, and Banten, and the five provinces with the highest cure rate were Kepulauan Riau, Bali, Aceh, Gorontalo, and DI Yogyakarta. SARS-CoV-2 Indonesian isolates were closely related to SARS-CoV-2 isolates from other countries. The rapid and widespread distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia was caused by the lack of compliance with territorial restrictions and dishonesty with medical personnel. These data revealed that mutations can occur during the transmission process, which can be caused by a history of travel and increased patient immunity.

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease is still widely spread across the world causing catastrophic effect in both human life and global economy. By the end of year 2021, it has caused a total of 5.437.636 deaths across the world. Indonesia has rich plant biodiversity including medicinal plants that may be used for combating the virus. One of the commonly used medicinal plants comes from Allium species and it has been proved to have antiviral activity. Conducting an in silico study, we screened bioactive compounds that came from Allium sativum to fight against coronavirus through the inhibition of 3CL-Pro, one of the major protease that have an active role for viral replication. Molecular docking of compounds from Allium sativum to 3CL-Pro resulting in the discovery of 5 compounds that have the best binding affinity to 3CL-Pro, which are squalene, 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzoxathiin 3-oxide, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid and methyl-11-hexadecenoate with binding affinity of -7, -6.5, -5.9, -5.7 and -5.6 kcal/mol, respectively. It is very likely that these compounds can be candidates for therapeutic agents and these candidates need to be studied further.

Sample preparationThe bioactive components found in purslane are apigenin, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. Meanwhile, star anise has shikimic acid, illicinole, and illicinone A. Data were provided by PubChem. Furthermore, non-structural target protein databases TMPRSS2 and PLpro were obtained from RSCB PDB.

Sample preparationThe components of the bioactive ligands found in juwet and moringa are gallic acid (CID: 370), ellagic acid (CID: 5281855), corilagin (CID: 73568), moringyne (CID: 131751186), myricetin (CID: 5281672), chlorogenic acid (CID: 1794427), vitexin (CID: 5280441), and nirmatrelvir (CID: 155903259) as a control. Ligand structure data were obtained

Penyakit kulit akibat infeksi banyak dijumpai di Indonesia dan menjadi masalah besar di bidang kesehatan. Masyarakat telah menggunakan daun ketepeng cina (<em>Cassia alata L</em>.) sebagai obat penyakit kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun ketepeng cina terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aerogenosa</em>, dan <em>Klebsiella </em><em>pneumonia. </em>Metode uji yang digunakan yaitu difusi disk (<em>Kirby Bauer</em>). Sampel yang digunakan berupa ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina konsentrasi 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, dan 90%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya zona hambat di area sekitar disk yang berisi ekstrak. Diameter zona hambat bakteri gram negatif dalam penelitian ini relatif lebih besar dibanding gram positif. Hal ini dikarenakan ekstrak yang digunakan dalam penelitian agak encer. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini ekstrak daun ketepeng cina memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> dan <em>Klebsiella pneumonia. </em>Konsentrasi ekstrak yang paling efektif menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> adalah 70%, dan konsentrasi 90% merupakan konsentrasi yang paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, serta <em>Klebsiella pneumonia</em>.