Circulating levels of T3, T4, \g=g\-amino-butyricacid, glutamate, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, monoamine oxidase and histaminase were studied in 45 (2 5M, 20F) hyperthyroid patients and 46 (2 5M, 21F) normal healthy volunteers. Increased levels of blood 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and glutamic acid were observed along with elevated T3 and T4, whereas plasma \g=g\-aminobutyric acid, monoamine oxidase and histaminase activities were found to be low in both male and female patients.After three months of treatment, circulating levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and glutamic acid decreased significantly along with normalization of thyroid hormones and with an increase in the concentrations of \g=g\-aminobutyric acid, monoamine oxidase and histaminase. There was a positive correlation between these amines and thyroid hormone levels. The findings thus suggest that alterations in the metabolism of biogenic amines may be related to an altered metabolism in thyrotoxicosis, and these parameters may prove to be useful markers for diagnosis and follow-up of these patients.Biogenic amines play an important role in the regulation of many physiological and psychological processes. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to eva¬ luating the effect of biogenic amines on thyroid function. It has been observed that not only TSH but also longacting thyroid stimulator (LATS) may interact with biogenic amines (1). Experimental studies have also shown a close association between biogenic amines and thyroid function. It has been reported that 5-hydroxy¬ tryptamine ( 5-HT) activity stimulates iodine metabolism in isolated thyroid cells which leads to the formation of iodothyronines, this effect being similar to that of catecholamines (2). Ericson et al.(3) showed that both 5-HT and catecholamines stimulate thyroid hormone release in vivo. Further, 5-hydroxytryptophane is known to elevate TSH secretion in rats and humans (4, 5), and it has been reported that intravenous injection of histamine H? agonist enhances Tj response to TRH and thus interacts with thyroid function. Sanchez Herrenz et al. (6) on the other hand reported that y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibits TSH release in experimental ani¬ mals. Thus, it was considered to be of interest to study the metabolic status of these amines in hyperthyroid patients in order to elucidate the possible association of these amines with thyroid dysfunction.Patients and methods We studied 46 (2 5M, 2 IF) normal healthy volunteers (as controls), aged 25 to 45 years, non-obese, with normal endocrine and metabolic functions, and with no family history of thyrotoxicosis; and 45 (25M, 20F) hyperthyroid patients, aged 20 to 50 years. The diagno¬ sis of thyrotoxicosis was based on clinical profile and biochemical investigations including measurements of serum T? and T4 (RIA methods). All the subjects were selected from the Thyroid Clinic of S.S. Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Bañaras Hindu University. None of the controls were taking any drug or intoxicants like alcohol, mar...

The US patented polyherbal formulation for the prevention and management of Type II diabetes and its vascular complications was used for the present study. The formulation consists of roots of Salacia species, leaves of Lagestroemia parviflora and fruit rind of Garcinia indica. The use of reversed phase C 18 HPLC column was used and eluted with isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphoric acid buffer solution enabled the efficient separation of chemical markers within 20min. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and recovery. All calibration curve shows good linear correlation coefficients (r 2 >0.995) within tested ranges. Three markers in this polyherbal formulation were quantified were Mangiferin (1.53% w/w), Ellagic acid (0.9655 w/w), Hydroxycitric acid (5.3% w/w). Intra and inter day RSDs of retention times and peak areas were less than 3%. The recoveries were between 95% and 102.5%. In conclusion a method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of three markers in this polyherbal formulation. The established RP-HPLC method was simple, precise and accurate and can be used for the quality control of the raw materials as well as formulations.

Background: Infertility is one of women's most serious clinical problems during their reproductive lives. However, a high body mass index (BMI) and obesity are linked with unhealthy eating patterns and a sedentary lifestyle and have contributed to infertility. Obesity, on the other hand, has been linked to a high rate of infertility over the last 10 years. Additionally, low levels of sex hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone play a significant role in causing infertility, which has a significant impact on the reproductive system. Adipokines are produced by adipose tissue, and adipocytes, including adiponectin and leptin, affect the reproductive organs. Therefore, to comprehend infertility more deeply, it is crucial to assess adipokines and sex hormones. So, the current study involved evaluating the effectiveness and level of adiponectin and leptin in infertility and fertile women of the same reproductive age, along with other hormones like insulin, insulin resistance, FSH, LH, testosterone, and prolactin. Materials and methods: This study took 56 fertile women to act as a control in their reproductive years as controls and 100 women who have experienced infertility. Cases considerably outperformed controls regarding -BMI, waist-to-hip (W/H) ratio, insulin, and insulin resistance. Results: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH, prolactin, and testosterone levels in cases were higher than in controls. But though adiponectin levels were lower in patients than in controls, leptin levels were higher. Conclusion: Given that adipokines are regulated by sex hormones, they likely contribute to infertility.

Background: Depression is among the most common mental health problems among people with chronic complications like type 2 diabetes mellitus is brought on by flaws in insulin secretion and activity; however, genetic factors also play a role in both insulin resistance and beta-cell failure, but environmental factors also play a role in aggravating both problems. The presence of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes may interfere with treatment and efficacy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression in this metabolic variant clinical condition, type 2 diabetes mellitus, in major tertiary care hospitals in the South-Eastern Uttar Pradesh cities of Allahabad and Varanasi. Subjects and methods: For this study, 206 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus from rural and urban areas were recruited. Demographic, clinical, and diabetes-related data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ9), a standardized questionnaire developed in the United States and validated in the Indian population. Results: The prevalence of depression in diabetics in the community was 43.2%. The most common type of depression was mild (29.3%, 26), and the least common was severe depression (3, 3.37%). Several factors were associated with depression in the female gender: living in a rural area, unemployment, and being single. The complications of diabetes and other chronic conditions, such as hypertension and obesity, are also associated with depression. Conclusion: Depression was found to be particularly high in the study population. Because depression can significantly impede patient adherence to treatment, there is an urgent need for early diagnosis and treatment. This requires integrating mental health care for diabetes patients. Keywords: prevalence; diabetes; depression; community; higher rate