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To investigate the fundamental principles of H 2 formation in a giant molecular cloud, we derive the Hi and H 2 surface density (Σ Hi and Σ H2 ) images of the Perseus molecular cloud on sub-pc scales (∼0.4 pc). We use the far-infrared data from the Improved Reprocessing of the IRAS Survey and the V -band extinction image provided by the COMPLETE Survey to estimate the dust column density image of Perseus. In combination with the Hi data from the Galactic Arecibo L-band Feed Array Hi Survey and an estimate of the local dust-to-gas ratio, we then derive the Σ H2 distribution across Perseus. We find a relatively uniform Σ Hi ∼ 6-8 M pc −2 for both dark and star-forming regions, suggesting a minimum Hi surface density required to shield H 2 against photodissociation. As a result, a remarkably tight and consistent relation is found between Σ H2 /Σ Hi and Σ Hi + Σ H2 . The transition between the Hi-and H 2 -dominated regions occurs at N (Hi) + 2N (H 2 ) ∼ (8-14) × 10 20 cm −2 . Our findings are consistent with predictions for H 2 formation in equilibrium, suggesting that turbulence may not be of primary importance for H 2 formation. However, the importance of warm neutral medium for H 2 shielding, internal radiation field, and the timescale of H 2 formation still remain as open questions. We also compare H 2 and CO distributions and estimate the fraction of "CO-dark" gas, f DG ∼ 0.3. While significant spatial variations of f DG are found, we do not find a clear correlation with the mean V -band extinction.

The disruption of the M33 galaxy is evident from its extended gaseous structure. We present new data from the Galactic Arecibo L-Band Feed Array HI (GALFA-HI) Survey that show the full extent and detailed spatial and kinematic structure of M33's neutral hydrogen. Over 18% of the HI mass of M33 (M HItot = 1.4 × 10 9 M ⊙ ) is found beyond the star forming disk as traced in the far-ultraviolet (FUV). The most distinct features are extended warps, an arc from the northern warp to the disk, diffuse gas surrounding the galaxy, and a southern cloud with a filament back to the galaxy. The features extend out to 22 kpc from the galaxy center (18 kpc from the edge of the FUV disk) and the gas is directly connected to M33's disk. Only five discrete clouds (i.e., gas not directly connected to M33 in position-velocity space) are catalogued in the vicinity of M33, and these clouds show similar properties to Galactic and M31 halo clouds. M33's gaseous features most likely originate from the tidal disruption of M33 by M31 1-3 Gyr ago as shown from an orbit analysis which results in a tidal radius < 15 kpc in the majority of M33's possible orbits. M33 is now beyond the disruptive gravitational influence of M31 and the gas appears to be returning to M33's disk and redistributing its star formation fuel. M33's high mean velocity dispersion in the disk (∼18.5 km s −1 ) may also be consistent with the previous interaction and high rate of star formation. M33 will either exhaust its star formation fuel in the next few Gyrs or eventually become star formation fuel for M31. The latter represents the accretion of a large gaseous satellite by a spiral galaxy, similar to the Magellanic Clouds' relationship to the Galaxy.

The Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, is a new NASA Explorer mission that will explore the boundary between Earth and space to understand the physical connection between our world and our space environment. This connection is made in the ionosphere, which has long been known to exhibit variability associated with the sun and solar wind. However, it has been recognized in the 21st century that equally significant changes in ionospheric conditions are apparently associated with energy and momentum The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission Edited by Doug Rowland and Thomas J. Immel B T.J. Immel

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