Selecting of the adjuvant is one of the keys for the success of the vaccine application. Oil adjuvants, water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W), have proved their efficacy in bovine vaccine as they induce rapid and long term immune response with various antigens. The present study was aimed towards improving and upgrading the locally prepared inactivated combined vaccine (Pneumo-4) containing Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD), Parainfleunza type 3 (PI-3) and Bovine Respiratory syncytial (BRS) viruses using Montanide oil ISA206 as adjuvant and compare its efficacy with the commercial gel adjuvanted one. Both the commercial and prepared oil Pneumo-4 vaccines were administered twice to 6-9 months old seronegative calves through intramuscular (I/M) route with dose 5 ml, 21 days apart. Humoral immune response was followed up in the sera of vaccinated calves using serum neutralization test (SNT). The result revealed that both adjuvanted vaccines gave a significant effect on all vaccinated animals but the oil adjuvanted vaccine was particularly better and effective than gel adjuvanted where oil adjuvanted vaccine induced early intense immune response and showed prolongation of antibody secretion in comparison to the Aluminium Hydroxide gel.

Convincing seroimmunological studies were conducted to explore the influence of sheep pox vaccine on the immune response to pneumo-4 vaccine in vaccinated sheep, when it is administrated before, after and simultaneously. The experiment was conducted on eighteen susceptible sheep divided into 6 equal groups. Groups 1 and 5 were vaccinated with pneumo-4 vaccine and sheep pox vaccine respectively regarded as control vaccinated groups. Sheep pox vaccine was administered simultaneously with pneumo-4 in Group (2), before and after pneumo-4 vaccine in groups (3 and 4) respectively. The sixth group being left as a non-vaccinated control. The developed antibodies against different antigens incorporated in the used vaccines were monitored by using both serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA. The results showed that when sheep pox was administered one-week before vaccination with pneumo-4, the highest antibody titres were developed followed by these induced by simultaneous vaccination in group (2). So, the result explores the immunopotentiating effect of sheep pox vaccine on the immune response of sheep to pneumo-4 vaccine specially when it is administered one week before the other vaccine.

he present study was devoted to assess the potentiality of ascorbic acid (vit.C) catalytic with copper sulphate as inactivator for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBRV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) compared with the conventional inactivants Binary Ethylene Imine (BEI). Stock viruses suspension of the two viruses were prepared. Virus infectivity titer were 10 7.5 and 10 6.5 respectively. The (BVD) and (IBR) viruses for suspension were inactivated separately with different concentrations (0.5,1.0 and 1.5mg/ml) of ascorbic acid. The treated viruses were incubated at 37°C incubator with continuous stirring for different period of time. It was found that the ascorbic acid induced complete virus inactivation at concentration of (1.0 and 1.5 mg/ml) after (24 and 18) hrs for BVDV and after (more than 24,24 hrs) for IBRV. While 0.001 M-BEI induced complete virus inactivation within 4 and 6 hours post treatment at 37°C respectively. Safety tests were carried out for the inactivated viruses either by using ascorbic acid or BEI, both of them was proved safe when inoculated MDBK tissue culture, in mice and in rabbit revealing complete virus inactivation. This study concluded that the optimum ascorbic acid concentration for IBRV and BVDV is (1.5mg/ml) because it made complete viral inactivation for two virus with 24 hour for each virus. Further study should be focused on IBRV and BVDV ascorbic acid inactivated vaccine to envisage the animal immune response comparing with traditional method (BEI inactivated vaccine) with the presence of ascorbic acid as an immune modulator agent in its composition especially in its nano form.

One of the effective recommendation for control of Foot and Mouth disease virus is the proper vaccination by a highly potent vaccine. Such a vaccine should be specific to the circulated field serotype of foot and mouth disease virus inducing rapid, highly protective immunity with a long duration. This research is concerned with using plant extracted oil adjuvants prepared from rapeseed oil mixed with or without Ginseng extracts and from Soybean oil as well with or without Ginseng extracts. Some humoral and cellular immune responses were compared using the different plant-extracted oils and the mineral-based adjuvant called Montanide oil ISA 206 after one dose vaccination of the prepared vaccines at different interval times post vaccinations. Lymphocyte blastogenesis, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-12 showed higher expression in calves vaccinated by FMDV serotypes (O pan Asia, A Iran O5, and SAT2 / EGY/2012) with plant extract oil containing Ginseng extract comparable to that of plant extracts without Ginseng and Montanide oil ISA 206 adjuvants vaccines. It was found that FMD vaccine adjuvant with ginseng either with rapeseed or Soybean showed a higher post vaccinal cellular immune response than that without ginseng or ISA 206 alone. Estimation of the humoral immune response of vaccinated calves revealed that antibody against FMD virus serotypes O pan Asia, A Iran O5 and SAT2 / EGY/2012 by SNT and ELISA assay induced by the inactivated FMD adjuvant with rapeseed oil and ginseng vaccine and the inactivated FMD adjuvant with soybean oil and ginseng vaccine were higher than those induced by inactivated FMD adjuvant with Montanide oils 206. In contrast, the obtained antibody levels by the inactivated FMD adjuvant with rapeseed oil vaccine and inactivated FMD adjuvant with soybean oil vaccine was lower than those induced by inactivated FMD adjuvant with Montanide oils 206. So, it could be concluded that the use of plant origin oil adjuvant as rapeseed and soybean oil is considered a beneficial and alternative adjuvant to the imported mineral oil as it is much cheaper and induce better post vaccinal immune responses especially when mixed with ginseng extract.

The ideal adjuvant is one that able to aid in early stimulation of the humeral immune response, and to promote the production of high antibody titers that would persist for long duration as well as stimulate the cellular immune response. This immunological study was conducted to reveal the aluminum hydroxide gel effect with the use of oil adjuvants on the immune response of polyvalent foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in sheep. Twenty five sheep, were divided to five group (five animals/group) where the 1 st group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 oil vaccine, 2 nd group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 3 rd group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 oil vaccine, 4 th group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 5 th group was kept as a negative control (non-vaccinated). Blood and Serum samples were collected from vaccinated animals for monitoring the cellular and humeral immune responses. The results showed that sheep groups immunized with the vaccine prepared with ISA 201with aluminum hydroxide gel is considered the best cellular and humeral immunity post vaccinal response then ISA 201 followed by ISA 206 with aluminum hydroxide gel and the last one is the vaccine prepared with ISA 206 alone.It can be concluded that, ISA oils with aluminum hydroxide gel induce the best cellular and humeral immunity.