Aim: To detect the proper time for vaccination of infected calves after the onset of clinical signs and revaccination for previously vaccinated animals with bivalent FMD montanide ISA206 inactivated vaccine. Materials and Methods: Twenty calves naturally infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) showing clinical signs represented by lesions on the tongue, buccal mucosa and feet. Samples were collected from these calves including tongue epithelial and oropharyngeal fluid (OP). The causative virus was isolated from such samples through inoculation of baby mice and typed by indirect Sandwich ELISA and was confirmed in 2 tongue epithelia samples using PCR. Results: The serum antibody titers were determined using SNT and ELISA in the sera of the 20 infected calves revealing that the infected farms should be vaccinated with inactivated bivalent FMD vaccine for (type O and A) Adjuvanted with montanide ISA206 after 32 weeks from the appearance of clinical signs. In addition the FMD immune status was monitored in 2 farms in EL-Fayoum and El-Sharkia Governorates where 50 calves in each farm were vaccinated with the bivalent FMD inactivated vaccine adjuvaned with montanide ISA206 and serum samples were collected monthly from these animals to determine their immune status using SNT and ELISA. The obtained results showed that vaccinated calves with the bivalent FMD montanide ISA206 inactivated vaccine should be revaccinated after 36 weeks post vaccination. Conclusions: naturally infected calves should be vaccinated on the 32 weeks post infection while vaccinated calves should be revaccinated on the 36 weeks post vaccination

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Aim: The present study indicated that rRT-PCR could be provided for the detection of FMDV in infected, contact and carrier cattle and also provide a rapid sensitive tool aiming to aid in rapid disease detection and control. Foot and Mouth disease virus serotypes O and A still existing in Egypt. In January 2012, sever outbreaks struck the animal population in most Egyptian 1 governorates. The causative virus was identified as FMDV SAT2. Material and Methods: Five samples of tongue epithelium (ET) and five oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid samples were collected from FMD suspected cattle in infected farm at El-Fayoum and 20 OP samples from in-contact cattle at the same farm in addition to 30 OP samples from apparently healthy cattle at three different localities in El-Fayoum governorate (12 from Fayoum; 9 from Sinoras and 9 from Edsa) in order to detect carrier cattle. All of these samples were collected during November and December 2011 and January 2012. Results: All the ET and OP samples were inoculated on BHK cell culture and baby mice. The obtained results were identified using complement fixation test in addition to real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). In the infected farm at El-Fayoum FMDV type SAT2 was detected in cattle which are considered as the first introduction of this type while FMDV type O and SAT2 were detected in the in-contact cattle in the same farm. The sensitivity of rRT-PCR was cleared in the in-contact cattle as 13 out of 20 OP samples were positive to FMDV by rRT-PCR while 11 out of 20 OP samples were positive to FMDV by CFT. The OP samples collected from apparently healthy cattle from Fayoum, Sinoras and Edsa localities in Fayoum governorate demonstrate the circulation of the FMDV type A, O and the recent SAT2 in carrier cattle which threaten cattle population in Fayoum governorate. Also the sensitivity of real time RT-PCR over the CFT in detection of FMDV carrier cattle was clearly noticed in these localities as 19 out of 30 OP samples were positive by rRT-PCR while in contrast there were only 16 out of 30 samples positive by CFT. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that real-time RT-PCR currently used at the WRL for FMD provides an extremely sensitive and rapid additional procedure for improved laboratory diagnosis of FMD especially in-contact and carrier cases. The rRT-PCR generated results in less than one day from test commencement, in contrast to up to four days to define some positive and all negative samples by combined use of CFT and virus isolation. This is an important feature when definitive diagnostic results are required in a short timescale during emergencies. Also this study demonstrates the current situation of FMDV circulating in EL-Fayoum governorate and the introduction of new SAT2 serotype beside type A and O.

The ideal adjuvant is one that able to aid in early stimulation of the humeral immune response, and to promote the production of high antibody titers that would persist for long duration as well as stimulate the cellular immune response. This immunological study was conducted to reveal the aluminum hydroxide gel effect with the use of oil adjuvants on the immune response of polyvalent foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in sheep. Twenty five sheep, were divided to five group (five animals/group) where the 1 st group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 oil vaccine, 2 nd group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 3 rd group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 oil vaccine, 4 th group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 5 th group was kept as a negative control (non-vaccinated). Blood and Serum samples were collected from vaccinated animals for monitoring the cellular and humeral immune responses. The results showed that sheep groups immunized with the vaccine prepared with ISA 201with aluminum hydroxide gel is considered the best cellular and humeral immunity post vaccinal response then ISA 201 followed by ISA 206 with aluminum hydroxide gel and the last one is the vaccine prepared with ISA 206 alone.It can be concluded that, ISA oils with aluminum hydroxide gel induce the best cellular and humeral immunity.

The aim of present study was to investigate the phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and some pharmacological activities of ethanolic extract 70 % and 99.9% of apricot seeds. The phytochemical screening was done for determination of total phenolic compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids by aluminum chloride colorimetric method and total carotenoids by colorimetric method. The acute toxicity was done for determination of LD 50 in mice by oral administration of upgraded doses of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was done in vivo by formalin-induced paw edema in rats. The analgesic activity was carried out in mice by writhing test and hot plate method. Phytochemical screening revealed that the amount of total phenolic compounds was 179.4 and 191.2 µg gallic acid equivalent / g dry extract and the amount of total flavonoids was 226.18 and 509.34 µg rutin equivalent / g dry extract and the amount of total carotenoids was 0.145 and 0.156 mg/g dry extract for 70 % and 99.9% ethanolic extract, respectively. The acute toxicity revealed that both extracts had no toxic symptoms in rats and no mortalities appear by upgraded doses of 1 g to 10 g / kg b.wt. The 70% and 99.9% ethanolic extracts exhibited significant analgesic and antiinflammatory activites in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. of both extracts. These results suggest that apricot seed extracts contain significant level of safe non-toxic phytochemical substances that have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.