Globally, root-knot nematodes (RKN) recorded as destructive plant pathogen with a wide host range. A field survey of RKN Meloidogyne spp. associated with different vegetable and fruit crops and weeds in sandy and clay soil was carried out in Beheira and Menoufia governorates in Egypt. A total of 81 plant and soil samples were collected and examined. Nematodes extracted from soil samples under laboratory conditions and identified then frequency of occurrence (F.O.%) and population density (P.D) were calculated. A survey in the selected locations showed remarkable frequency of occurrence and population density of RKN in many vegetable crops and weeds. Results showed that the population density and frequency of occurrence of RKN Meloidogyne spp. were greatly differed in the different crops and different locations. Results showed that frequency of occurrence of Meloidogyne spp. was 100 % in Kom Hamada, Beheira governorate, wheras the population densities recorded between 154-692 J2 / 250 g soil. Results indicated that Meloidogyne spp. recorded infecting different weeds such as:Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium murale L.), Small bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Solanum (Solanum nigrum). The frequency of occurrence of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. showed different values in the surveyed locations.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esulentum) are considered one of the most vegetable crops for export as well as its importances in food processing. These are grown in Egypt at different seasons throughout the year in opened field and greenhouse especially in newly reclaimed desert land. They are subjected to be attacked, and suffered from several fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases. Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the most important pests worldwide especially root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on tomato which considered one of the most economically important that cause great harmful effect on plants and losses in quality and quantity of yield . Results obtained from this present investigation can be summarized as follows: Adding different biocontrol agents i.e. (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma spp.) resulted in soil cultivated with infectious tomato plants with root-knot nematode to reducing the numbers of nematodes and egg and egg sacs and larval phases. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at different doses i.e. (0.5, 1 ,2 or 4%) and different application times (one week before, at the same time and one week after) nematode inoculation were evaluated on nematode parameters of tomato plants infected with Meloidogyne spp. Results showed that all different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungisignificantly reduced all the nematode parameters i.e. number of galls, egg masses,. females / root system and number of J2 /250g soil compared to plants treated with nematode alone. Application AMF at 4% one week before nematode inoculation reduced the nematode parameters. The integration control of Meloidogyne spp. on tomato plants by using direct and indirect effect of the effective treatments were evaluated. Results of direct effect showed significantly reduction in all nematode parameters i. e. galls, egg masses and females / root system, as well as number of nematode juveniles. The greatest reduction in nematode parameters was recorded with the treatment of B. megaterium +T.harzianum + AMF 4% + Nematode and the integration control of Meloidogyne spp. on tomato plants by using indirect effect (split-root system) showed that the treatment of (B. megaterium + T. harzianum + AMF4% ) was the best treatment in controlling root-knot nematodes .

No abstract

Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) are considered one of the most important economic vegetable crops in Egypt. It is a herbaceous plant that follows family Solanaceae. Nowadays it is widely grown in different seasons throughout the year in opened field and under greenhouse conditions. It contains proportions of dietary fiber, vitamins, and micronutrients. Results obtained from this present investigation can be summarized as follows: Adding organic wastes (plant compost, animal compost, maize wood compost, straw rice compost) resulted in soil cultivated with infectious eggplant plants with root-knot nematode to reducing the numbers of nematodes and egg and egg sacs and larval phases, adding the animal compost residue at a concentration of 10g proved to be the best in reducing the nematode clan compared to the treatment of nematodes only. The addition of both the plant compost tea and the animal compost tea to the soil cultivated with infested eggplant plants with root-knot nematode reduced the numbers of nematodes galls, egg masses and larval stages, and demonstrated the addition of the animal compost tea in a concentration 100g is the best in reducing the nematode compared to treatment with nematodes only. The addition of mushroom residue to soil cultivated with infectious eggplant plants with root-knot nematode reduced the numbers of nematodes and egg masses and larval stages, and the addition of mushroom residue with a concentration of 10% demonstrated that the best in reducing the nematode compared to treatment with nematodes only.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is considered a main contributor to food of humans. It is mainly grown in all countries whether in fields or protected cultures. Tomato is considered one of the most essential vegetable crops. It is grown in Egypt in different seasons throughout the year basically in newly reclaimed desert lands. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. are considered is one of the most economically important pest because its damage, infection level , wide host range and minimize the quality and quantity of the crop . This study can be summarized as follows : 1-Experimentally, the culture broth of four bacterial isolates i.e. P. fluorescens, A. brasilense, A. chroococcum & B. megaterium were used to test their effect on egg hatching and juveniles mortality of Meloidogyne spp. under room temperature after 24,48,72 & 168h of exposure. 2-The present results exhibited that all bacterial isolates affected nematode eggs and juveniles especially B.megaterium where fulfilled the least percentage of egg hatching and the highest percentage of juveniles mortality after 168 h of exposure by 17.3 & 92%, respectively compared to control. 3-This has been inferred through doing an experimentally test for this bacterium on King's B medium in petri dishes and incubated it for 48 h at 27ċ where the results exhibited that this bacterium had the ability to analyze the protein existed in this medium by exhibiting a clear halo zone around the bacterial colony. 4-The same four bacterial isolates were used as a culture broth at three application times (one week before, at the same time and one week after) of nematode inoculation to study their effect on Meloidogyne spp. on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. 5-These results exhibited that all bacterial isolates significantly affected the nematode and vegetative parameters especially during adding them at one week before of ,nematode inoculation where B.megaterium fulfilled the highest reduction percentages of nematode parameters and highest increase in vegetative parameters , antioxidant enzymes and pigments concentrations due to secrete natural compounds which act against the nematode and promoting the plant growth. 6-Other experiment was done under greenhouse conditions by applying B.megateriumin two forms i.e. liquid and capsules contained and uncontained humic acid at the rate of 3,5,10 ml or capsules /plant to know which two forms are the most effect . 7-These present results exhibited that both forms fulfilled a significant effect in inhibiting the nematode parameters and increasing the vegetative parameters of plant, but using the capsules is better than a liquid form because it supplies with the permanent protection for bacteria from adverse conditions as well as slowly release of the bacteria which had a longer effect in soil.