Identification of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesized by three human leukaemic cell lines-Jurkat (T-cell leukaemia), Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma, B-cell leukaemia) and THP-1 (acute monocytic leukemia)-and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their distribution among cell membrane and culture medium were studied. GAGs were isolated using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and their composition and fine chemical structure were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography with radiochemical detection. All cell lines synthesize chondroitin sulphate (CS) and heparan sulphate (HS) in both cell membrane and culture medium. No hyaluronan was detected using treatment with specific lyases and highly sensitive HPLC methodology. CS is the major secreted GAG in all cell lines tested and the major cell retained GAG in Jurkat and Daudi. HS is the major GAG in the cell membrane of THP-1. The amounts of distinct GAGs synthesized by all cancer cell lines differ from those produced by normal PBML indicating a major role of GAGs in malignant transformation of human lymphocytes and monocytes.

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Human leukemic cell lines, Jurkat (T-cell leukemia), Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma, B-cell leukemia) and THP-1 (acute monocytic leukemia) synthesize chondroitin sulphate (CS) and heparan sulphate (HS) in both cell membrane and culture medium. CS is the major secreted GAG in all cell lines, as well as the major cell-retarded glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in Jurkat and Daudi, whereas HS is the major GAG in the cell membrane of THP-1. The effects of mitogenic substances on both synthesis and distribution of GAGs in Jurkat, Daudi and THP-1, independently of their effect on cell proliferation, were studied. The secretion of CS and HS from Jurkat was significantly suppressed by using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3). These mitogens had different effect on the synthesis of cell-associated GAG by Jurkat, depending on the mitogen type. Addition of TPA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Daudi's culture medium resulted in increased synthesis of HS, while no effect on CS synthesis was noticed. Furthermore, in the presence of LPS, THP-1 produce slightly lower amounts of CS, whereas this mitogen significantly suppresses the HS synthesis in both culture medium and cell membrane. The obtained data clearly demonstrate that the various mitogenic substances participate in the regulation of GAG synthesis. The effects are dependent on the type of mitogen and the cell line.