Various applications of active ingredients of six fungicides and three insecticides and acaricides at normally recommended dosages were tested on two predatory mite species (Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Anthoseius bakeri Garman) from the family Phytoseiidae and on two predatory insect species (Coccinella septempunctata L. Chrysopa perla L.) dominantly present on apple trees. Small differences were found between fungicide treatments. On the trees treated with six fungicide applications the predatory mites and insects survived and increased to a high level, often 20-40 phytoseiids per 100 leaves and 4-8 predatory insects per sample unit. Only the active ingredients tolylfluanid and myclobutanil resulted in lower densities of predatory mites (10-20 phytoseiids per 100 leaves). One application of insecticides-acaricides (active ingredients: clofentezine, phosalone) showed no toxic effect on predatory mites and insects. Two applications of phosalone and one of alpha-cypermethrine were slightly or moderately toxic. Two applications of alpha-cypermethrine and eight routine sprays of various insecticides-acaricides and fungicides were very toxic and resulted in the lowest maximum number of predatory mites and insects, approximately 0-10 phytoseiids per 100 leaves and 1-4 predatory insects per sample unit. The toxicity of pesticides to predatory mites and insects is based on the toxicity of the pesticide' active ingredient and the spray frequency. The active ingredients of fungicides and only one or two applications of insecticides and acaricides were not or slightly toxic and could be used in integrated pest management.

Influence of Fungicide Treatment on Grey Mould of CabbageThe experiments were carried out in the Institute of Horticulture in 2008-2010. The study was supported by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation. The aim of this investigation was to establish the influence of fungicides applications to control grey mould in cabbages cultivars Kingston F1, Lennox F1and Paradox F1during storage. Three fungicide applications with active ingredients azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1(Amistar 250 SC), boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1+ pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1(Signum 33 WG), tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1(Folicur 250 EW), iprodione at the rate of 500 g·ha-1(Rovral Aqua Flo) and fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1+ tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1(Bayer CropScience product) were made on second part of plant vegetation (growth stage by BBCH 41-46). After harvesting cabbage heads (20 units from every replication) were kept in a cold storage for four months after harvest. Obtained data showed that fungicide treatments allow for reducing the incidence of grey mould and reduced losses during the four-month storage period by average up 64.73-93.77%.

An investigation of black plum sawfly (Hoplocampa minuta Christ, 1791) and yellow plum sawfly (Hoplocampa flava Linnaeus, 1761) populations using white sticky traps Rebell ® bianco was carried out in a plum orchard of Institute of Horticulture of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry from 2010 to 2012. A possibility to predict spring emergence of H. minuta and H. flava using temperature sum method, species ratio, main population parameters and relation between trap catches and infestation levels were investigated. H. minuta appeared to be more dominant in the complex of two plum sawfly species during the study overall, building up to 62% of individuals in comparison to H. flava and, considering various population parameters (emergence and flight dynamics, population density, sex ratio) being more significant contributor to fruit damage. Population density and flight dynamics were driving factors in determining potential damage to crop. Coincidence between mass flight and flowering periods was one of the major factors influencing fruit damage caused by plum sawflies. When mass flight coincided with flowering phase, vulnerable to sawfly attack of plum cv. 'Stanley', a high damage level of 27.8% was observed. When mass flight was strongly shifted towards the end of flowering, a relatively low damage of 7.0% was recorded. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, trap catch data could be reliably used to predict the magnitude of fruit damage level only when mass flight coincides with susceptible flowering phase. Further studies are needed to establish reliable damage thresholds for different plum cultivars. Temperature sum model to predict emergence of first plum sawfly adults was proposed. The model was based on soil temperature at 10 cm depth and two different starting dates to begin calculation. Temperature sums of 86 and 84 degree-days were calculated. Provisionary date at a temperature sum of 60 degree-days is proposed for trap placement in the orchards.

An investigation of apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug 1816) (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Tenthredinidae) populations was conducted in conventionally and organically managed apple orchards

Dynamics of spread of the most destructive sugar beet foliar diseases cercospora (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) and ramularia (Ramularia beticola Fautrey & F.Lamb.) leaf spot and efficacy of six fungicides used for their control were investigated at Rumokai Research Station of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry during 2011-2012. The crop was sprayed with fungicides once after the first symptoms of foliar diseases had been spotted. In the experimental years, cercospora leaf spot started to spread in the sugar beet crops on the 31 st of July -3 rd of August. During the 1 st assessment the disease incidence was 4.3-19.2% and the disease severity was 0.01-0.08%. Further progress of cercospora leaf spot was influenced by the weather conditions: with the weather being wet and warm the disease development was rapid and 10-11 weeks after the 1 st assessment the disease incidence reached 90.0-98.3%, and the disease severity was 10.98-11.91%. Ramularia leaf spot started to spread at the same time as cercospora leaf spot; however, its severity was lower. The progress of ramularia leaf spot was weaker than that of cercospora leaf spot and before harvesting ramularia leaf spot severity reached 1.75-1.79%. The highest efficacy against both diseases was exhibited by the fungicides containing epoxiconazole -Maredo, Opera N, Tango super.