Mines, quarries, dumps, and tailings are the sources of air pollution. In the Dalnegorsk District (Primorsky Krai, Russia), there are 20 polymetallic deposits. This study aimed to evaluate the particle size and material composition of ambient particulate matter (PM) in Dalnegorsk town and verify the influence of mining and chemical industry facilities on the composition of PM. Ambient particulates were analyzed in samples of snow cover and washout from vegetation (conifer tree needles). According to particle size distribution data, the relative content of particles with a diameter up to 10 microns (PM10) reaches 40% in three snow samples taken in the central part of the town. Among ore minerals, pyrite and arsenopyrite predominated in the samples. In addition, sphalerite, galena, cassiterite, and iron–chromium–nickel formations of various shapes were found in the studied particles. The presence of these metals in airborne PM can negatively affect the incidence rate of PM-associated diseases and the determination of their levels are very useful for air pollution prevention strategies.

The physical and chemical modelling helped to establish the regularities of the groundwater’s composition formation in the areas of coal mines that are being abandoned. We demonstrated that the unusual features of the composition of the subsurface waters in natural and technogenic structures of Russia and Ukraine resulted from “water–rock–gas” system’s chemical processes. “Aluminosilicates–water” system consecutively produces solutions corresponding to the HCO3–Ca → HCO3–Na(Mg) → HCO3–SO4–Na(Mg) → SO4–Na(Mg) series of changes in composition, “limestone-water” system produces solutions corresponding to the HCO3–Ca → Cl–Ca series, “dolomite-water” system consecutively produces aqueous solutions of the HCO3–Mg → Cl–Mg series, and “rock salt-water” system produces acidic Cl– Na type waters. We proved that water composition of technogenic complexes is determined by the features of geological structure of sedimentary basins, relations between reaction water masses and rocks (W/R), O2 and Co2 closeness-openness of W/R system.