Goals/Background. To evaluate children's growth in the first year of life, who have cleft palate and lip, without the use of palatal plates. Materials/Method. Chart review was conducted, retrospectively, in the Center for Integral Assistance of Cleft Lip and Palate (CAIF), in Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. Results for both genders were compared to the data published by the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding average weight gain in children during their first year of life. Results. Patients with syndromic diagnosis and with cleft classified as preforamen were excluded, resulting in a final number of 112 patients: 56 male and 56 female. Similar patterns were seen comparing the two genders. Although it was observed weight gain below the average until the 11th month in male patients and until 9 months in female patients, both genders remained at the 50th percentile (p50) and improved after the 4th month of age for boys and the 9th month of age for girls. Conclusion. Children with cleft palate weigh less than regular children during their first months of life. At the end of the first year, weight gain is similar comparing normal and affected children. However, factors that optimized weight gain included choosing the best treatment for each case, proper guidance, and multiprofessional integrated care.

No abstract

The potential yield of wheat is mainly determined by temperature, solar radiation and the photothermal quotient. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal and spatial variability of the photothermal quotient and the frost risk to identify suitable sowing dates for wheat in Parana State, Brazil. The results showed that the photothermal quotient has greater spatial variability than temporal variability. The sowing date affects crop conditions that can in turn affect yield. However, the photothermal quotient and frost risk fluctuate differently in different Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) regions. The regions VCU 1 and VCU 2 showed greater temporal variability of the photothermal quotient. The photothermal quotient ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 MJ m -2 day ºC in VCU 1, from 1.1 to 1.5 MJ m -2 day ºC in VCU 2 and from 1.0 to 1.2 MJ m -2 day ºC in VCU 3. Sowing performed in June provided the greatest photothermal quotient in all VCU regions. However, June sowing increased the frost risk in VCU 1. Thus, the sowing date can be used as a management tool for the attainment of higher yield in wheat.Uso do quociente fototermal e risco de geadas na identificação de época de semeadura adequadas em trigo RESUMO. O potencial de rendimento de grãos em trigo varia, principalmente, em função da temperatura, radiação solar e do quociente fototermal. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade temporal e espacial do quociente fototermal (QF) e o risco de geadas visando identificar épocas de semeadura para a cultura do trigo que propicie o maior rendimento de grãos no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que há maior variabilidade do QF no espaço em relação ao tempo. A época de semeadura afeta as condições de crescimento da cultura, podendo incrementar o rendimento de grãos. Entretanto, o QF e o risco de geadas variam conforme a região de VCU. As regiões de VCU 1 e 2 apresentaram a maior variabilidade temporal do QF. A variação temporal para a região de VCU 1 ficou entre 1,5 a 2,0 MJ m -2 dia ºC (VCU 1), 1,1 a 1,5 MJ m -2 dia ºC (VCU 2) e 1,0 a 1,2 MJ m -2 dia ºC. Em todas regiões de VCU, semeaduras realizadas no mês de junho proporcionam o maior valor de QF. Entretanto, há elevado risco de geadas na região de VCU 1 quando a semeadura ocorre em junho. Assim, a época de semeadura pode ser uma importante ferramenta no manejo para alto rendimento de grãos em trigo.Palavras-chave: Triticum aestivum (L.), potencial de rendimento, radiação solar. 100Silva et al.

Genomic-assisted breeding has become an important tool in soybean breeding. However, the impact of different genomic selection (GS) approaches on short- and long-term gains is not well understood. Such gains are conditional on the breeding design and may vary with a combination of the prediction model, family size, selection strategies, and selection intensity. To address these open questions, we evaluated various scenarios through a simulated closed soybean breeding program over 200 breeding cycles. Genomic prediction was performed using genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), Bayesian methods, and random forest, benchmarked against selection on phenotypic values, true breeding values (TBV), and random selection. Breeding strategies included selections within family (WF), across family (AF), and within pre-selected families (WPSF), with selection intensities of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%. Selections were performed at the F4 generation, where individuals were phenotyped and genotyped with a 6K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Initial genetic parameters for the simulation were estimated from the SoyNAM population. WF selections provided the most significant long-term genetic gains. GBLUP and Bayesian methods outperformed random forest and provided most of the genetic gains within the first 100 generations, being outperformed by phenotypic selection after generation 100. All methods provided similar performances under WPSF selections. A faster decay in genetic variance was observed when individuals were selected AF and WPSF, as 80% of the genetic variance was depleted within 28–58 cycles, whereas WF selections preserved the variance up to cycle 184. Surprisingly, the selection intensity had less impact on long-term gains than did the breeding strategies. The study supports that genetic gains can be optimized in the long term with specific combinations of prediction models, family size, selection strategies, and selection intensity. A combination of strategies may be necessary for balancing the short-, medium-, and long-term genetic gains in breeding programs while preserving the genetic variance.

A utilização de dejetos de animais na produção agrícola é uma alternativa de disposição do resíduo gerado na atividade pecuária, porém se aplicado inadequadamente pode causar problemas ambientais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações e perdas de C e N por escoamento superficial em quatro doses de dejeto líquido bovino (0, 60, 120, 180 m³ ha-1 ano-1) aplicado em Latossolo franco-argiloarenoso com 13 % de declividade, manejado em plantio direto com soja, aveia-preta, milho e trigo, em sistema de rotação. O escoamento superficial foi coletado durante dois anos e sete meses em galões de 60 L após cada chuva, com geração de escoamento em pelo menos uma parcela. Os nutrientes solúveis foram determinados em amostra filtrada por uma membrana de éster de 0,45 µm e os nutrientes totais, em amostras não filtradas. A aplicação de dejeto líquido bovino reduziu as perdas de C orgânico e N por escoamento superficial, com consequências positivas para a qualidade da água em corpos hídricos a jusante. Porém, doses crescentes de dejeto tendem a aumentar a concentração dos referidos elementos e, por conseguinte, diminuir a qualidade da água. As concentrações médias ponderadas de nitrato estiveram abaixo do limite permitido pela legislação brasileira, porém as de amônio ficaram acima do máximo permitido, indicando a necessidade de práticas de controle e retenção do escoamento superficial, a fim de evitar a entrada do nitrato nos corpos d'água, mesmo em áreas sob plantio direto. Cabe ressaltar que esses dados foram obtidos em condição de baixo potencial poluidor, ou seja, relevo com 13 % de declividade, baixa precipitação e intervalo mínimo de dez dias entre a aplicação do dejeto e a ocorrência de chuva, com formação de escoamento superficial. Além disso, há a necessidade de estudos futuros para avaliar a lixiviação de nitrato.