Rationale: Testing for underlying etiology is a key part of bronchiectasis management, but it is unclear whether the same extent of testing is required across the spectrum of disease severity.Objectives: The aim of the present study was to identify the etiology of bronchiectasis across European cohorts and according to different levels of disease severity. Methods:We conducted an analysis of seven databases of adult outpatients with bronchiectasis prospectively enrolled at the bronchiectasis clinics of university teaching hospitals in Monza, Italy; Dundee and Newcastle, United Kingdom; Leuven, Belgium; Barcelona, Spain; Athens, Greece; and Galway, Ireland. All the patients at every site underwent the same comprehensive diagnostic workup as suggested by the British Thoracic Society.Measurements and Main Results: Among the 1,258 patients enrolled, an etiology of bronchiectasis was determined in 60%, including postinfective (20%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related (15%), connective tissue disease related (10%), immunodeficiency related (5.8%), and asthma related (3.3%). An etiology leading to a change in patient's management was identified in 13% of the cases. No significant differences in the etiology of bronchiectasis were present across different levels of disease severity, with the exception of a higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related bronchiectasis (P , 0.001) and a lower prevalence of idiopathic bronchiectasis (P = 0.029) in patients with severe disease.Conclusions: Physicians should not be guided by disease severity in suspecting specific etiologies in patients with bronchiectasis, although idiopathic bronchiectasis appears to be less common in patients with the most severe disease.

Objetivos: Determinar el grado de somnolencia diurna y calidad del sueño en estudiantes de medicina. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Lugar: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Participantes: Estudiantes de medicina. Intervenciones: Muestra no probabilística de estudiantes de medicina del sexto (76 externos) y sétimo (74 internos) años de estudios. Cuestionarios: datos demográficos, escala de somnolencia de Epworth e índice de calidad del sueño Pittsburgh. Principales medidas de resultados: Somnolencia diurna y calidad del sueño. Resultados: No hubo diferencia con respecto a la somnolencia y calidad del sueño entre externos e internos. De todos los encuestados, 58% tenía mala calidad del sueño y 34% excesiva somnolencia diurna. La latencia subjetiva del sueño mayor de 30 minutos, dormir 6 horas o menos, eficiencia subjetiva del sueño menor de 85% y el uso de medicación hipnótica estuvieron asociados con mala calidad del sueño. Asimismo, dormir 5 horas o menos, consumo de cafeína y tabaquismo estuvieron asociados a mala calidad del sueño y excesiva somnolencia diurna. La correlación entre calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna fue R=0,426 p<0,001. Conclusiones: Encontramos alta frecuencia de pobre calidad del sueño y excesiva somnolencia diurna en los estudiantes de medicina encuestados. Ambas estuvieron asociadas a consumo de cafeína y tabaco, latencia subjetiva del sueño prolongada, corta duración del sueño, eficiencia subjetiva del sueño menor de 85% y uso de medicación hipnótica. Hubo correlación entre calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna.

BackgroundEvaluation of interventions on road traffic injuries (RTI) going beyond the assessment of impact to include factors underlying success or failure is an important complement to standard impact evaluations. We report here how we used a qualitative approach to assess current interventions implemented to reduce RTIs in Peru.MethodsWe performed in-depth interviews with policymakers and technical officers involved in the implementation of RTI interventions to get their insight on design, implementation and evaluation aspects. We then conducted a workshop with key stakeholders to analyze the results of in-depth interviews, and to further discuss and identify key programmatic considerations when designing and implementing RTI interventions. We finally performed brainstorming sessions to assess potential system-wide effects of a selected intervention (Zero Tolerance), and to identify adaptation and redesign needs for this intervention.ResultsKey programmatic components were consistently identified that should be considered when designing and implementing RTI interventions. They include effective and sustained political commitment and planning; sufficient and sustained budget allocation; training, supervision, monitoring and evaluation of implemented policies; multisectoral participation; and strong governance and accountability. Brainstorming sessions revealed major negative effects of the selected intervention on various system building blocks.ConclusionsOur approach revealed substantial caveats in current RTI interventions in Peru, and fundamental negative effects on several components of the sectors and systems involved. It also highlighted programmatic issues that should be applied to guarantee an effective implementation and evaluation of these policies. The findings from this study were discussed with key stakeholders for consideration in further designing and planning RTI control interventions in Peru.

A simplified CT scoring system can be used as an adjunct to clinical parameters to predict disease severity in patients with idiopathic and postinfective bronchiectasis.