IPD in hospitalized children in Lima is associated with high antimicrobial resistance levels and elevated case fatality rate, especially in young children. This baseline data will be useful for evaluating the effects of vaccine introduction.

Objetivos: Determinar el grado de somnolencia diurna y calidad del sueño en estudiantes de medicina. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Lugar: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Participantes: Estudiantes de medicina. Intervenciones: Muestra no probabilística de estudiantes de medicina del sexto (76 externos) y sétimo (74 internos) años de estudios. Cuestionarios: datos demográficos, escala de somnolencia de Epworth e índice de calidad del sueño Pittsburgh. Principales medidas de resultados: Somnolencia diurna y calidad del sueño. Resultados: No hubo diferencia con respecto a la somnolencia y calidad del sueño entre externos e internos. De todos los encuestados, 58% tenía mala calidad del sueño y 34% excesiva somnolencia diurna. La latencia subjetiva del sueño mayor de 30 minutos, dormir 6 horas o menos, eficiencia subjetiva del sueño menor de 85% y el uso de medicación hipnótica estuvieron asociados con mala calidad del sueño. Asimismo, dormir 5 horas o menos, consumo de cafeína y tabaquismo estuvieron asociados a mala calidad del sueño y excesiva somnolencia diurna. La correlación entre calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna fue R=0,426 p<0,001. Conclusiones: Encontramos alta frecuencia de pobre calidad del sueño y excesiva somnolencia diurna en los estudiantes de medicina encuestados. Ambas estuvieron asociadas a consumo de cafeína y tabaco, latencia subjetiva del sueño prolongada, corta duración del sueño, eficiencia subjetiva del sueño menor de 85% y uso de medicación hipnótica. Hubo correlación entre calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna.

The objective of this study was to determine the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) strains in children from Lima, Peru, before and after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), which was introduced in the national immunisation program on 2009. We conducted a prospective, multicentre, passive surveillance IPD study during 2006–2008 and 2009–2011, before and right after the introduction of PCV7 in Peru. The study was performed in 11 hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients <18 years old, with sterile site cultures yielding Streptococcus pneumoniae. In total 159 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. There was a decrease in the incidence of IPD in children <2 years old after the introduction of PCV7 (18.4/100 000 vs. 5.1/100 000, P = 0.004). Meningitis cases decreased significantly in the second period (P = 0.036) as well as the overall case fatality rate (P = 0.025), including a decreased case fatality rate of pneumonia (16.3% to 0%, P = 0.04). PCV7 serotypes showed a downward trend. Vaccine-preventable serotypes caused 78.9% of IPD cases, mainly 14, 6B, 5, 19F and 23F. A non-significant increase in erythromycin resistance was reported. Our findings suggest that the introduction of PCV7 led to a significant decrease of IPD in children under 2 years old and in the overall case fatality rate.

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Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be a lethal disease, especially in children less than 2 years of age. Since almost two third of lethal cases lead to death within the first 48 hours, prompt diagnosis and management is critical, as well as assurance of immunization with pneumococcal vaccine.