Background Recent epidemics of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Pacific and the Americas have highlighted its potential as an emerging pathogen of global importance. Both Aedes (Ae . ) aegypti and Ae . albopictus are known to transmit ZIKV but variable vector competence has been observed between mosquito populations from different geographical regions and different virus strains. Since Australia remains at risk of ZIKV introduction, we evaluated the vector competence of local Ae . aegypti and Ae . albopictus for a Brazilian epidemic ZIKV strain. In addition, we evaluated the impact of daily temperature fluctuations around a mean of 28°C on ZIKV transmission and extrinsic incubation period. Methodology/Principal findings Mosquitoes were orally challenged with a Brazilian ZIKV strain (8.8 log CCID 50 /ml) and maintained at either 28°C constant or fluctuating temperature conditions. At 3, 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi), ZIKV RNA copies were quantified in mosquito bodies, as well as wings and legs, using qRT-PCR, while virus antigen in saliva (a proxy for transmission) was detected using a cell culture ELISA. Despite high body and disseminated infection rates in both vectors, the transmission rates of ZIKV in saliva of Ae . aegypti (50–60%) were significantly higher than in Ae . albopictus (10%) at 14 dpi. Both species supported a high viral load in bodies, with no significant differences between constant and fluctuating temperature conditions. However, a significant difference in viral load in wings and legs between species was observed, with higher titres in Ae . aegypti maintained at constant temperature conditions. For ZIKV transmission to occur in Ae . aegypti , a disseminated virus load threshold of 7.59 log 10 copies had to be reached. Conclusions/Significance Australian Ae . aegypti are better able to transmit a Brazilian ZIKV strain than Ae . albopictus . The results are in agreement with the global consensus that Ae . aegypti is the major vector of ZIKV.

The research showed that a nurse practitioner intervention can improve pain management following caesarean section. The results underscore the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors on acute pain. Hence, this study reinforces the need for a biopsychosocial approach to acute pain management following caesarean delivery.

The Objective Structural Practical Examination (OSPE) is a timed examination that assesses topographical and/or applied knowledge of anatomy with the use of cadaveric resources and medical images. This study investigated whether elements of question design (provision of clinical context, type of visual resources used, gender context and difficulty) of an anatomy question affected students' performance and also whether there was any effect of basic demography or participation in various voluntary activities.Study participants were second year medical students (n = 150), 83 of whom consented to fill in a questionnaire collecting demographics, revision preferences and assessment preferences. The examination scores were matched with students' responses collected on the questionnaire and all data analyzed by multiple linear regression. Difficulty of the question was the only design element found to be significantly associated with the number of students that answered correctly (p=. 001); clinical context, visual resources used and gender of the question were not significant. When individual students marks were analyzed along with the questionnaire data, only the students' interest in participating in department's demonstrator program was a significant predictor of a high individual score, gender of the students showed a strong trend towards significance, with female students scoring on average higher than male students. The two part OSPE questions were dissociated and analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine whether a correct answer to part 1 was predictive of a correct answer to part 2, but no association was found.3

Sheffield Hallam University Research Archivehttp://shura.shu.ac.uk design through identification of key constraints on competitive behaviours 2 Abstract 24 Analysing performance in competitive environments enables identification of key 25 constraints which shape behaviours, supporting designs of more representative 26 training and learning environments. In this study, competitive performance of 244

A short period of preoperative warming is not effective in preventing intraoperative temperature decline for women receiving intrathecal morphine. A combination of preoperative and intraoperative warming modalities may be required for this population.