BackgroundThe association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with the KCNJ11, CDKAL1, SLC30A8, CDKN2B, and FTO genes in the Russian population has not been well studied. In this study, we analysed the population frequencies of polymorphic markers of these genes.MethodsThe study included 862 patients with T2DM and 443 control subjects of Russian origin. All subjects were genotyped for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes using real-time PCR (TaqMan assays). HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were used to measure insulin resistance and β-cell secretory function, respectively.ResultsThe analysis of the frequency distribution of polymorphic markers for genes KCNJ11, CDKAL1, SLC30A8 and CDKN2B showed statistically significant associations with T2DM in the Russian population. The association between the FTO gene and T2DM was not statistically significant. The polymorphic markers rs5219 of the KCNJ11 gene, rs13266634 of the SLC30A8 gene, rs10811661 of the CDKN2B gene and rs9465871, rs7756992 and rs10946398 of the CDKAL1 gene showed a significant association with impaired glucose metabolism or impaired β-cell function.ConclusionIn the Russian population, genes, which affect insulin synthesis and secretion in the β-cells of the pancreas, play a central role in the development of T2DM.
Background: The evaluation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and its role in metabolism and obesity remains an important topic in the recent literature. This study evaluated the influence of the BAT triglyceride content measured by proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and prediabetes on insulin sensitivity.Methods: A total of 25 patients with DM2 and prediabetes (45.9 ± 10.1 years old, body mass index [BMI] of 31.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2) underwent anthropometric measurements (BMI), insulin sensitivity analysis (M value during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), proton MR spectroscopy, and blood tests (total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides). The relationship between the triglyceride content in the supraclavicular fat depot and insulin sensitivity, anthropometric measurements, and blood test results was assessed.Results: The triglyceride content in the supraclavicular fat depot varied between 79.2% and 97.1% (mean: 92.6% ± 4.2%). The triglyceride content in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of the neck was significantly higher (85.3%–99.3%; mean: 95.5% ± 2.9%; P = 0.0007). The triglyceride content in the supraclavicular fat depot exhibited a significantly moderate correlation with the BMI (r = 0.64; P = 0.0009). A significant weak negative correlation between the supraclavicular fat content and M value was revealed (r = −0.44; P = 0.002). Patients with high insulin resistance (IR) had a higher triglyceride content in the supraclavicular fat depot than patients with normal and lower IR (94.3% ± 2.0% vs. 90.4% ± 5.2%; P = 0.02).Conclusions: Reducing the BAT content in the supraclavicular fat depot can influence the development of IR in patients with DM2 and prediabetes.
Molecular genetic and clinical variants MODY2 and MODY3 in children in RussiaConclusion. This study is the largest in Russia and estimated that MODY2 is the most prevalence and has had milder presentation and less dysfunction of β-cells to compare to MODY-HNF1α.
According to the International Diabetes Federation, 10.9 million people have diabetes mellitus (DM) in Russia; however, only up to 4 million are registered. In addition, 11.9 million people have impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose levels [1]. One of the significant risk factors for type 2 DM (T2DM) is obesity, which increases insulin resistance (IR). IR is the major pathogenetic link to T2DM. According to current concepts, there are three types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) and ?beige?, of which the last two types have a thermogenic function. Some research results have revealed the main stages in the development of adipocytes; however, there is no general consensus regarding the development of ?beige? adipocytes. Furthermore, the biology of BAT and ?beige? adipose tissue is currently being intensively investigated, and some key transcription factors, signalling pathways and hormones that promote the development and activation of these tissues have been identified. The most discussed hormones are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21, which have established positive effects on BAT and ?beige? adipose tissue with regard to carbohydrate, lipid and energy metabolism. The primary imaging techniques used to investigate BAT are PET-CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. With respect to the current obesity epidemic and associated diseases, including T2DM, there is a growing interest in investigating adipogenesis and the possibility of altering this process. BAT and ?beige? adipose tissue may be targets for developing drugs directed against obesity and T2DM.
4/2015© Сахарный диабет, 2015 о недавнего времени к классическим измене-ниям наследственного материала относили: геномные мутации, хромосомные аберрации, генные мутации. В результате завершения проекта «Геном Человека» были построены физические карты ге-нома -нуклеотидная последовательность всех азотистых оснований в молекуле ДНК, которых насчитывается 3 миллиарда 143 миллиона пар нуклеотидов. Оказалось, что в определенных местах двухцепочечной нити ДНК находятся нуклеотиды, которые могут иметь варианты. Например, в определенном месте может быть цитозин и комплементарный ему гуанин, и в этом же месте может быть тимин и аденин. Данный полиморфизм называется однонуклеотидным полиморфизмом (single nucleotide polymorphism -SNP) и располагается он строго в опреде-ленном месте. Этих полиморфизмов около 2 миллионов. SNP могут быть в функционально разных частях моле-кулы ДНК: в экзоне гена -и менять тем самым смысл кодона, в интроне -и менять сплайсинг, могут быть вне гена, но в регуляторной точке или нет. Описание SNP в геноме человека -одно из фундаментальных открытий в генетике за последние 15-20 лет.Методика, которая направлена на изучение влияния данных однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов на феноти-пические признаки, -это технология полногеномных ассоциативных исследований (Genom Wide Association Studies -GWAS). Целью подобных исследований явля-ется определение сцепления (ассоциаций) однонуклео-тидных замен (SNP) с тем или иным фенотипическим признаком или заболеванием. Методология исследо-вания заключается в сочетании широкогеномных мо-лекулярных методов исследования на основе биочипов высокого разрешения (300-500 тыс. SNP и выше для ин-дивидуальной ДНК) с описанием различных фенотипи-ческих признаков обследуемого (заболеваний).Одним из основных направлений исследований в рамках GWAS является изучение влияния генома на индивидуальную переносимость и эффективность различных лекарственных препаратов. Наука о генетиче-ски обусловленной индивидуальной реакции организма на лекарства называется фармакогенетика [1].Основная задача фармакогенетики -изучение ал-лельных вариантов генов, определяющих особенности индивидуальных фармакокинетических и фармакоди-намических характеристик организма с целью оптими-зации стратегии лекарственной терапии. Большинство лекарственных препаратов, попадая в организм, подвер-гаются различным превращениям, так называемой био-трансформации -серии метаболических реакций, после чего выводятся из организма. Реакции биотрансформа- Фармакогенетика сахароснижающих препаратовКононенко И.В.
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