BACKGROUND: Grossman's health demand model recognizes medical price as a determinant of the estimation model. This article aims to examine the role of medical expenses in health demand by utilizing the number of sick and disturbed days obtained from Susenas, a survey on the expenditure of household food and non-food consumption conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics to measure health demand and health insurance as a medical price in a reduction model. Health insurance can replace medical expenses because those who have health insurance face relatively low medical costs and face lower medical prices than those without health insurance.   METHODS: Using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation technique, sebuah teknik estimasi model regresi for 6,642 households this was obtained through three stages: First, using 71,932 sample households of susenas that relied fully on the Susenas sampling method by BPS; Second, find households that have experienced health problems during the last 6 months; Third, find households that have health expenditures of 24,341. Furthermore, the estimation model is based on 6,642 households identified to be in urban areas using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation method.   FINDINGS: The health demand estimation model that can be used to determine the behavior of health demand among urban households is limited to households with formal primary school (SD) education levels. Taking advantage of certain wages, age, cigarette expenditure, and sports expenses, it was found that the number of sick days and felt disturbed in the household group that had health insurance was 5.68 days relatively greater than those without health insurance. However, expanding to higher education and older age was found to be 1.47 days and 1.57 days. Aging tends to decrease good health and health insurance tends to increase it.   CONCLUSION: It was found that health stocks differed between insured households and households without health insurance in those with aging.

The 1998 Poso conflict caused many fatalities, hundreds of missing people, loss of property, and the decline of social order and economic life. The conflict has changed the social and economic order of the society, and most people uprooted from their hometown into new places. Thus, this study aims to analyze the degree of social and economic transformation in one decade after the conflict by examining the intervention role of the government, private sector and NGOs on the post-conflict socioeconomic transformation in some refugee locations as the District of Poso, Central Sulawesi. By involving 98 household heads as respondents, and using Probit model as the analytical tool, the results reveal that a mass population displacement has caused a sense of prolonged trauma among the minorities. Moreover, the results show that the process of social and economic transformation takes place simultaneously. Statistically, there are no significant impact of natural factors and government intervention on the process of social transformation in the new settlement, while the intervention of the private and non-governmental organizations shows a positive and insignificant influence. In terms of economic transformation, the natural factors and government intervention are proved to have no significant effect on the process of economic transformation, while the private sector and non-governmental intervention is capable of providing a positive and insignificant impact on economic transformation. The study implies for decision makers to make better direction in development planning, and funding for displaced people, and to encourage and provide higher support to the private sector and NGOs.

The natural disaster that occurred in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province on September 28, 2018 has resulted in the disruption of people's lives as well as damage to educational, health and economic facilities. This requires an attempt to restore to normal. Recovery is a series of activities to restore the condition of the community affected by the disaster by re-functioning the infrastructure and facilities in the fields of education, health and the economy by carrying out rehabilitation. To measure the level of recovery after rehabilitation and reconstruction, a general measure in the form of an index number is needed, namely Ina-PDRI. The results showed that until now the post-disaster recovery index in Sigi Regency is 74.87 percent. This shows that the socio-economic conditions in Sigi Regency are still better before the natural disaster by 25.13 percent compared to the current situation. This value is the weighted average of the disaster recovery index in the Education sector which only reached 63.17 percent, the disaster recovery index in the Health sector only reached 66.81 percent. Meanwhile, the disaster recovery index in the economic

This study aims to determine and analyze direct correlation of capital, man power, land size, and also production costs to income of red onion farming business; the impact of capital, man power, and also land size towards cost of red onion farming business; and the impact of capital, man power, land area towards income through the cost of red onion farming business in Sigi District. This research used primary data. Population was red onion farmer from three villages and the sample was deliberately determined considering that three villages are red onion producing areas in this district. Analysis for this research are using a structural equation model. From the analysis showed: (1) Production factors of capital, man power and land size had a direct and influential impact towards income; (2) Concerning the impact from production factor on costs, the capital variable had a positive and influential impact towards costs; man power variable had a positive and influential impact towards costs, and  land size had a positive and influential impact towards costs; (3) In terms of indirect impact, the variables of capital, man power and land size have a positive and influential impact towards income through mediation of red onion farming costs at Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.