Karena memiliki khasiat seperti analgesik, minyak cengkeh biasa digunakan sebagai obat, antibakteri, antioksidan, dan antimikroba. Kemungkinan enkapsulasi minyak cengkeh sebagai makrokapsul padat dipelajari dengan pembuatan makrokapsul Ca-Alginate-Gelatine. Variabel proses yang digunakan adalah variasi konsentrasi alginat 1% dan 1,5% b / v, dan perbandingan massa antara alginat-gelatin divariasikan antara 1: 4, 1: 6, dan 1: 8 w /w. Selain itu, variasi konsentrasi CaCl2 (10%, 20% dan 30% w / v) sebagai cross-linking agent pembentukan kompleks Ca-Alginate juga digunakan sebagai variabel proses. Peningkatan konsentrasi alginat, gelatin dan CaCl2 nampaknya menurunkan efisiensi enkapsulasi karena terbatasnya volume ruang bebas yang terbentuk pada matriks Ca-Alginat-Gelatin. Efisiensi enkapsulasi tertinggi (93,08%) diperoleh pada penggunaan Alginat 1% w / v, dengan perbandingan alginat dengan gelatin 1: 4 dan ikatan silang dalam larutan CaCl2 10% w / v selama 15 menit.Owing to the properties such as analgesic, clove oil is commonly used as medicine, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial drugs. The possibility of clove oil encapsulation as a solid macrocapsule was studied by making Ca-Alginate-Gelatine macrocapsules. The process variables used were variations in Alginate concentration of 1% and 1.5% w/v, and the mass ratio between alginate-gelatine was varied between 1: 4, 1: 6, and 1: 8 w/w. In addition, variations in the concentration of CaCl2 (10%, 20% and 30% w/v) as a cross-linking agent for the formation of Ca-Alginate complexes were also used as process variables. The increase of alginate, gelatine and CaCl2 concentration seems to decreased the encapsulation efficiency because of the limitation of the free space volume formed in the Ca-Alginate-Gelatine matrix. The highest encapsulation efficiency (93.08%) was obtained in the use of Alginate 1% w/v, with a ratio of alginate to gelatine 1: 4 and cross-linking in a 10% w/v CaCl2 solution for 15 minutes.

Sampah organik merupakan bahan buangan dari kegiatan rumah tangga, kegiatan komersial, industri atau aktivitas-aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Sampah organik dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar setelah dikeringkan terlebih dahulu. Pengeringan dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi kadar air serta meningkatkan nilai panas pada sampah organik. Nilai kadar air maksimum untuk bahan bakar padat adalah 15% sedangkan untuk nilai kalor minimum bahan bakar padat adalah 20.920 kJ/kg (SNI 01-6235-2000). Salah satu metode pengeringan sampah adalah metode frying. Metode frying mengeringkan sampah dengan cara kontak langsung menggunakan minyak panas sehingga mampu mengeringkan sampah dengan cepat dan menghasilkan produk kering yang aman untuk dibakar. Pengeringan sampah dengan metode frying dapat menurunkan kadar air 80-90% dan meningkatkan nilai kalor hingga lebih dari 20.000 kJ/kg. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada kisaran suhu 140-150°C dan waktu pengeringan 5-10 menit yang menghasilkan nilai kadar air dibawah 5% dan nilai kalor lebih dari 20.000 kJ/kg.

The International Maritime Organization issued a regulation to reduce sulphur content in ship fuel to a maximum of 0.5 wt% on January 1,2020. That is, the use of High Sulphur Fuel Oil as ship fuel must be replaced with Low Sulphur Fuel Oil. One type of LSFO can be produced as ship fuel MFO Low Sulphur is PTCF from PT. TPPI. However, PTCF viscosity value is relatively low, so a blending method with MBC from Cepu PPSDM is needed, which is a Low Sulphur Waxy Residue type residue with a high pour point value. Based on a journal review, determining the optimal blending point aims to determine the exact blending composition through the calculation of viscosity and pour point blending by refutas method and MBC:PTCF blending costs. This literature study aims to determine the effect of blending on viscosity, pour points, and the optimal blending composition on the characteristics of MFO

Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) in global energy demand plants has risen over the past decades as a sustainable secondary supply of energy resources. Food waste as a significant fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) has a great potential for energy production especially in developing country such as Indonesia. To date, many industries focus on drying technologies development for utilization of food waste for energy conversion. Lowering moisture content of food waste is essential to improve RDF heating value (LHV) and further to avoid more steam generation in the combustor. Vaporization of the moisture in fuel consumes a portion of the available energy. The review highlights a number of drying technology application for RDF including direct and indirect steam drying. Furthermore, the review highlights the considerable opportunity for further development of dryer application for Indonesia"s cement industry.

The increasing municipal solid waste can cause environmental pollution problems. The organic fraction is the largest component of municipal solid waste, reaching 75%, mostly around 61% from kitchen waste. One method to reduce the impact of pollution from municipal waste by processing it into Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) with bio-drying method. The combination of osmosis process treatment by soaking organic waste in a NaCl solution before the biodrying process can speed up the drying process. Immersion was carried out for four days. Every day the water content analysis was carried out by weighing. This paper provides an effect evaluation of 5%, 15%, and 25% NaCl solution as osmosis media on reducing the organic waste's water content. The organic waste are simulated using tomatoes, water spinach, cooked rice, and tofu. The higher the NaCl concentration (maximum 25% studied), the greater the ability to reduce the water content, 25% in water spinach and 40% in tomatoes. In tofu and cooked rice, soaking in NaCl solution increased the water content by 20% and 100%, respectively.