Dünya genelinde akut viral hepatitin önde gelen nedenlerinden olan ve enterik yolla bulaşan hepatit A infeksiyonu, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde değişim göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İstanbul, Türkiye'de farklı yaş gruplarında hepatit A virusu (HAV) seroprevalansının güncel durumunu belirlemektir.Gereçler ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2011 ve Aralık 2013 yılları arasında 3,868 hastaya ait serum örneklerinde anti-HAV IgG değerleri mikropartikül enzim immunoassey (MPEIA) yöntemi (Architect SR i1000 and i2000, Abbott Diagnostics, Germany) ile retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmada, tüm hastalarda total anti-HAV antikor prevalansı %64,8 olarak saptanmıştır. Değerlendirilen 3,868 serumun %54'ü erkek ve %46'sı kadın hastalardan elde edilmiştir. Yaşlara göre seropozitiflik oranları; 0-16 yaş arasında %55, 17-30 yaş arasında %47, 31-45 yaş arasında %73,5 olarak belirlenmiştir. 0-30 yaş arasında %50 (972/1944) olan seroprevalans oranı; 46 yaş üzerindeki grupta %89 oranı ile anlamlı artış ortaya koymaktadır.Sonuç: Genç yaş grubundaki seropozitiflik oranlarının düşük olması, bu grubu HAV infeksiyonu açısından daha riskli kılmaktadır. Sonuçlar, çocukların ve seronegatif genç yetişkinlerin HAV'e karşı rutin olarak aşılanmasını desteklemektedir.

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Introduction Ralstonia spp. are nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria that have recently emerged as opportunistic pathogens. Previously, two case series of infection associated with Ralstonia insidiosa have been published. In this case report, R. insidiosa infection of a neonate in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is presented. Case Presentation A term male infant developed respiratory distress 2 hours after birth and was admitted to the NICU with the presumptive diagnosis of transient tachypnea of the newborn. A left apical pneumothorax was detected, requiring chest tube insertion. An umbilical catheter was placed due to poor peripheral vascular access. On the second day, blood cultures were sent from the umbilical artery and umbilical venous catheters, which showed growth of R. insidiosa. The antibiotics were changed from ampicillin and gentamicin to ampicillin–sulbactam and cefotaxime according to the antibiotic susceptibility test results. Respiratory distress symptoms resolved and the patient was extubated. The infant's clinical condition improved steadily and was discharged with breast feeding and stable vital findings, negative follow-up cultures, and C-reactive protein. Conclusion Ralstonia insidiosa is an emerging pathogen in hospital infections due to its ability to survive in water supplies and sterilized water-based solutions. There is need for vigilance of R. insidiosa, especially in intensive care units. Awareness of rare pathogens, early detection of the bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility test results are important in the success of treatment.

Introduction: Early diagnosis of HIV infection is essential for the reduction of morbidity/mortality rates, health expenditures and the prevention of infection spread. In this study we aimed to test the knowledge of physicians regarding HIV risk groups, AIDS indicator diseases and their current practices about screening. Methodology: A questionnaire was used to collect data from physicians working in a multidisciplinary 170-bed tertiary university hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The questionnaire measured physician knowledge of the above-mentioned points. Results: Ninety-six physicians replied to the questionnaire. "Preoperative screening" was found to be the most common (65.6%) indication for HIV testing. A large portion of physicians (72.9%) felt comfortable with an HIV test and 71.9% of the physicians had no impeding condition for HIV testing. Physicians were mostly (67.7%) unaware of the current guidelines for HIV testing. Conclusions: Teaching programs are essential to increase knowledge of HIV screening for physicians as this is an essential part of early diagnosis and therefore important for decreasing morbidity and mortality.