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The effect of resveratrol supplementation on serum levels of asymmetric de-methyl-arginine and paraoxonase 1 activity in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial',

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Insulin is implicated as a leading factor in glucose homeostasis and an important theme in diabetes mellitus (DM). Numerous proteins are involved in insulin signaling pathway and their dysregulation contributes to DM. microRNAs (miRNAs) as singlestrand molecules have a critical effect on gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Intensive investigation done by DM researchers disclosed that miRNAs have a significant role in insulin secretion by direct targeting numerous proteins engaged in insulin signaling pathway; so, their dysregulation contributes to DM. In this review, we presented some major miRNAs engaged in the insulin production and secretion.

Background: The dramatic increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global major challenge to health. Circulating microRNAs have been suggested as promising biomarkers for different disorders such as diabetes. Imbalances in the gut microbiome have been revealed to contribute to the progression of multiple diseases including T2DM. Recently, the consumption of probiotics and synbiotics in the treatment of various diseases has shown a substantial growth. The anti-diabetes and anti-inflammatory effects of synbiotics have been indicated, which may be due to their beneficial effects on the gut microbiome. However, further research is needed to assess the effects of synbiotics on the microbiota and their impacts on expression of microRNAs relating to T2DM. Thus, we will aim to assess the effects of synbiotics on microbiota, serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and expression of microRNA-126 and microRNA-146a in patients with T2DM.