ResumoA infestação de plantas daninhas é um dos principais fatores bióticos presentes no agroecossistema da cana-de-açúcar que têm a capacidade de interferir no desenvolvimento e na produtividade da cultura. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de lixiviação e efeito residual do herbicida amicarbazone utilizado na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em solos contrastantes. Para tanto, utilizaramse amostras de Neossolo Quartzarênico (NR -textura arenosa) e Latossolo Vermelho (LR -textura argilosa). No potencial de lixiviação, após a aplicação do herbicida amicarbazone (NR 1,05 kg ha -1 e LR 1,40 kg ha -1 ), foram aplicadas lâminas de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mm de água nas colunas de solos. Avaliou-se o efeito residual, após a permanência do herbicida no solo de textura argilosa e arenosa, por períodos de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 dias após a aplicação (DAA) de amicarbazone (0; 1,05; 1,40 kg ha -1 ) nos tratamentos. O amicarbazone apresentou elevada lixiviação a partir da lâmina de 60 mm de água em solos de textura arenosa, constatando menor efeito residual. Em solo argiloso, lâminas de 20 a 80 mm de água reduziram a biomassa até a profundidade de 5-10 cm, com o uso deste herbicida. Com base nos resultados, conclui que o amicarbazone apresentou elevada lixiviação e menor efeito residual em solo arenoso. O efeito residual do amicarbazone foi prolongado conforme o aumento do teor de argila e matéria orgânica presente no solo. Palavras-chave: Impacto ambiental, mobilidade, persistência, retenção AbstractThe infestation of weeds is a major biotic factor in the agroecosystem of cane sugar that may interfere in development and crop productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for leaching and residual effects of the herbicide amicarbazone in contrasting soils. Samples were Quartzarenic Neosol (NR -sandy texture) and Red Latosol (LR -clay texture). For the leaching potential, after application of herbicide amicarbazone (NR 1.05 kg ha -1 and LR 1.40 kg ha -1 ), layers of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm of water were applied to soil columns. We evaluated the residual effect after the permanence of the herbicide in soil of clay texture and sandy for periods of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after application (DAA) of amicarbazone (0, 1.05, 1.40 kg ha -1 ) treatments. The amicarbazone started showing high
Para preservação da boa qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro, diversos fatores são importantes, como, por exemplo, a aplicação de desfolhantes e/ou maturadores. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência do saflufenacil como desfolhante no algodoeiro, em comparação com diuron+thidiazuron. Para isso, conduziu-se um experimento de campo no município de Diamantino-MT, durante os meses de junho a julho de 2012. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados sete tratamentos: a) [saflufenacil (49 g ha-1)]; b) [saflufenacil+(ethefon+ cyclanilide) (49+ (720+90) g ha-1)]; c) [saflufenacil (70 g ha-1)]; d) [saflufenacil+(ethefon+ cyclanilide) (70+(720+90) g ha-1)], em comparação com os tratamentos padrões, e) (diuron +thidiazuron)+(ethefon+cyclanilide) (18+36)+(720+90) g ha-1) e f) (diuron+thidiazuron) (30+60 g ha-1), além de g) testemunha sem aplicação. Note-se que os tratamentos foram aplicados quando 70% das maçãs da cultivar FM 993 estavam abertas. Foram analisadas as variáveis: porcentagens de desfolha; retenção foliar; massa de capulhos; produtividade; germinação de sementes, e características tecnológicas da fibra. A aplicação de todos os dessecantes não influenciou na produtividade do algodoeiro em caroço, na massa de capulhos, na germinação de sementes e nas características tecnológicas da fibra. O saflufenacil, aplicado isoladamente ou em associação com o ethefon+cyclanilide, foi eficiente na desfolha, com valores semelhantes aos tratamentos padrões, e proporcionou baixa retenção foliar no algodoeiro, com exceção da menor dose isolada de saflufenacil.
Resumo -Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência do glufosinato de amônio em programas de manejo de plantas daninhas no algodoeiro para a cultivar FiberMax 966 Liberty Link ® . O experimento foi instalado na área experimental da Fazenda Paiaguás, localizada no município de Diamantino-MT. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Para o manejo eficiente de plantas daninhas na cultivar FiberMax 966 LL, o emprego de um tratamento herbicida em pré-emergência pode reduzir até duas aplicações em pós-emergência sem que haja perdas significativas na produção, desde que o tratamento em pré-emergência seja eficiente. Caso a aplicação de um tratamento herbicida em pré-emergência não seja possível, a utilização de três aplicações sequenciais de glufosinato de amônio (0,5; 0,4; 0,6 kg ha -1 ) aos 10, 25 e 40 dias após emergência da cultura (DAE) resultaram em resultados semelhantes. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado, todos os tratamentos herbicidas foram seletivos à cultura, não sendo constatadas diferenças significativas no número de capulhos e na produtividade. Palavras-chaves: aplicação sequencial, Gossypium hirsutum, planta daninha, transgênico Abstract -The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ammonium-glufosinate in management programs for weeds in cotton crop FiberMax 966 Liberty Link ® genotype. The experiment was installed in experimental area of Paiaguás Farm, located in municipality of Diamantino, Mato Grosso State. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. For weeds efficient management in FiberMax 966 LL genotype, the application of herbicide treatment in pre-emergence may reduce up to two postemergence applications with no significant losses in production, but the pre-emergence treatment needs to be effective. If the application of a herbicide treatment in pre-emergence is not possible, the use of three sequential applications of ammonium-glufosinate (0.5, 0.4, 0.6 kg ha -1 ) at 10, 25 and 40 days after crop emergence (DAE) result in similar information. In the conditions that the experiment was conducted, all herbicide treatments were selective to the crop, without significant differences in bolls number and yield.
The presence of weeds in the sunflower crop is one of the main factors linked to the low increase in productivity of this crop, and to determine the most appropriate management of weeds, it is essential to carry out a diagnosis through the phytosociological survey. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of chemical control on the phytosociological community of weeds in three areas cultivated with sunflower in the Parecis region (Brazil). The areas were treated with 2,4-D + glyphosate for desiccation; S-metolachlor was used for pre-emergence control in the three areas; meanwhile, sulfentrazone and flumioxazin were applied only in one area; and, finally, clethodim was applied for post-emergence weed management. Sampling was carried out at two different times, in the initial and pre-harvest stages (at 35 and 100 days after the emergence of the crop, respectively), using a quadrate, in which weeds were identified and quantified to determine the frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, abundance, relative abundance, importance index, and similarity index between areas and times. Seventeen weed species were found in the sunflower crop (70.6% dicot and 29.4% monocotyledonous) in the two seasons, grouped into nine botanical families, with Poaceae being the most diverse family. The dicots Tridax procumbens and Acanthospermum hispidium were present in low frequency only in the initial stages of development of the sunflower crop. The weeds with the highest importance index values in the initial and pre-harvest stages were Euphorbia hirta (104 and 91%) and Bidens pilosa (45 and 66%, respectively), both belonging to the dicots group. These two species were present in the two evaluated periods and in the three experimental areas, demonstrating that there was a similarity index between them with values above 93%. These results of the phytosociological study may contribute to determining more efficient management strategies for weed chemical control in the sunflower crop.
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an oleaginous plant that shows high suitability for cultivation in Brazil. However, the performance of the crop is influenced by factors such as weed interference, mainly because of the few selective herbicide options. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate weed control and selectivity of four pre-emergent herbicides applied to two sunflower cultivars in sandy and clayey soils. Two field experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with a 2 × 6 factorial scheme, two cultivars (CF 101 and M 734) and six treatments with S-metolachlor (1920 g a.i. ha−1), sulfentrazone (150 g a.i. ha−1), flumioxazin (40 g a.i. ha−1), and trifluralin (1780 g a.i. ha−1) and two controls, one with weeding and the other without weeding and without herbicide application, in soils with contrasting textures (sandy and clayey). No injury symptoms were observed in both cultivars, regardless of soil texture. The cultivar M 734 exhibited the highest values of the agronomic parameters evaluated. The treatment with flumioxazin provided control of more than 90% of the weeds in clayey soil and more than 64% in sandy soil. The yield of both cultivars was lower in the sandy soil. Thus, all herbicide treatments were selective for both cultivars tested, since they did not interfere with sunflower grain yield.
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