Policy changes and higher education reforms challenge performing musician programmes across Europe. The academisation of arts education means that classical performance programmes are now marked by strong expectations of research paths, publications, and the standardisation of courses, grades and positions. Drawing on interviews with ten teachers and leaders within the field of higher music education, this article discusses notions of mandate, knowledge and research in classical performance music education in Norway. Against the backdrop of academisation, the aim of this article is to illuminate central tensions and negotiations concerning mandate, knowledge and research within higher music education. The problem concerns issues of who should be judged as qualified and who should have the authority to speak on behalf of the performing music expertise community. The study is part of the larger study Discourses of Academisation and the Music Profession in Higher Music Education (DAPHME), conducted by a team of senior researchers in Sweden, Norway and Germany. Through an analytic-theoretical reading of the empirical data, informed by Foucault’s power/knowledge concept, two discourses on mandate are identified (the awakening discourse and the Bildung discourse) as well as three discourses on knowledge (the handicraft discourse, the entrepreneurship discourse and the discourse of critical reflection) and two discourses on research (the collaborative discourse and the ‘perforesearch’ discourse). The latter of the two research discourses pinpoints a subject position as a musician/researcher with knowledge, craft and skills in both music performing and research.

SammendragHva er lærerutdannerens ekspertise og mandat – og hvem avgjør det? I denne artikkelen foreslås profesjonsforståelse som en tilnærming til å kvalifisere og profesjonalisere lærerutdannerpraksis, og som et refleksjonsverktøy for å diskutere kvalitet i lærerutdanningene i det 21. århundre. Begrepet profesjonsforståelse er utviklet i et doktorgradsarbeid om musikklærere og musikklærerutdannere (Angelo, 2012a), og handler kort sagt om oppfatningen av hva utdanneren kan og skal. Dette dreier seg om kunnskap og identitet betraktet som sammenvevde størrelser, regulert av ulike typer makt. I artikkelen blir profesjonsforståelse diskutert på individuelt, kollektivt, institusjonelt og politisk nivå. I lærerutdanninger trekkes forståelsen av ekspertise og mandat i mange retninger, noe som kan henge sammen med blant annet utdanningsinstitusjonens profil, hvilke fellesskap som er av betydning for utdanneren, og om lærerutdanneren ser seg selv som for eksempel fagutøver, forsker, klasseromsekspert eller politiker. Lærerutdanningsfeltet er så langt lite formelt regulert, og det er mye opp til den enkelte lærerutdanner å bestemme hva slags kunnskapsutvikling og identitetsutvikling som lærerstudentene skal tilbys, og å avgjøre hvilke kvalitetsnormer som får gyldighet. Denne autonomien har fordeler og ulemper, og den er også truet i utdanningslandskapet. For å styrke og videreutvikle lærerutdanningene i det 21. århundre trengs det refleksjonsrammer som tar utgangspunkt i et særlig viktig aspekt i lærerutdanningene – nemlig lærerutdannerne. I denne artikkelen foreslås profesjonsforståelse som en innfallsvinkel til nettopp dét, og dermed også som et refleksjonsverktøy for å kunne diskutere kvalitet i lærerutdannerpraksisene.Nøkkelord: lærerutdanning, lærerutdannere, lærerutdannerprofesjonen, profesjonalisering, utvikling, lærerprofesjonalitet AbstractWhat expertise and mandate do teacher educators have, and who decides this? This article proposes professional understanding as an approach by which to professionalise and develop the field of teacher educators and to access the difficult topic of quality in the teacher education of the 21st century. The term professional understanding was developed in a research study of music teachers and music teacher educators (Angelo, 2012a) and concerns the perception of what educators can and should do. This concerns both knowledge and identity, which are regulated by diverse types of power. In the article, professional understanding is discussed on an individual, collective, institutional and political level, at which different mechanisms stretch perceptions in various directions. The teacher educator’s perception of his/her expertise and mandate might be affected by their institution’s profile, what collectives are significant for the educator and whether the teacher educator sees him/herself as a subject performer, researcher, classroom expert or politician. Such conditions influence his/her goals and the communities he/she wants to (or not to) be part of. The field of teacher education has little formal regulation, and individuals therefore have a great ability to decide upon their own expertise and tasks, and to judge what is seen as good or poor professional practice. This autonomy has both advantages and disadvantages. Notably, it is threatened in the educational landscape. To strengthen and develop teacher education in the 21st century, one needs frames for reflection that start with a particularly important aspect of teacher education—teacher educators. This article proposes professional understanding as an approach to strengthening teacher education, and as a tool for reflecting and discussing quality in teacher education practices.Keywords: teacher education, teacher educators, the profession of teacher edu­cators, professionalisation, development/transformation, teacher profession­alism

In this article I discuss the professional understanding of an instrumental music teacher with multiple tasks in basic music education in Norway. This teacher is positioned in a small Community School of Music and Art that has been honoured as a ‘best practice’ model for such schools. Through thematic narrative analyses of my research data, I identify three pivots in this teacher’s practice: cultural life, school and artefacts. After the researcher’s narrative, A music teacher’s working day, I explore these pivots in a theoretical frame inspired by Hans-Georg Gadamer’s thoughts about sensus communis, and Christopher Small’s thoughts about musicking. Finally, I apply insights from this discussion to basic thinking in the blurred field of community music and music education, suggesting musicality as an approach to articulate and discuss expertise and as a mandate that music teachers in crossover positions might hold.

In this chapter, we examine how music/teacher education is represented on the websites of four Norwegian institutions that offer diverse kinds of music/teacher education at the BA, MA, and PhD levels and that offer qualifications for all types of music teaching professions in Norway. These four cases serve as examples of the main traditions of music/teacher educations in the Nordic area, with distinctive differences in their notions of music, pedagogy, professional orientation, and research. The analysis is theoretically grounded in Foucault’s concepts of power/knowledge and governmentality. The findings suggest, on the one hand, considerable variations among the institutions and, on the other hand, similarities in how the representations operate in a range of steering techniques in the ways that these education programs, orientations, groups, and individuals are portrayed. The concluding discussion questions the power/knowledge constructions that provide authority to the dominating discourses, critically pointing to some effects that diverse representations might have for positions, ambitions, and individuals. Getting the diverse communities of music/teacher educations to communicate seems imperative to evolve more reflexive, conscious, and participative music/teacher education programs in the 21st century.

BackgroundMunicipal healthcare organizations are facing increasing challenges to developing more cost‐effective organizations and services, particularly in nursing homes. The background for this article is an attempt in this concern; implementing service design in a nursing home.AimThe aim of the study is to explore nurses and nurse assistants' experiences using service design in a nursing home.DesignA qualitative design was applied.MethodData were collected through focus group interviews with 17 nurses and nurse assistants in 2015. Thematic discourse analysis was conducted to analyse their discussed experiences.ResultsThe employees had positive attitudes towards incorporating a service design approach that focused on the patients' needs, which thus encouraged creative solutions and promoted employee involvement. The study shows that involving service designers and employees in the entire process, from planning to implementation of new and innovative solutions, requires closer collaboration between the service designers, managers, and employees to achieve the final goal. We consider that the results of this study will be of relevance to the future development of health care and nursing in nursing homes.