The frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in combination with gentamicin poses the additional risk of nephrotoxic renal failure. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is the main enzyme responsible for the synthesis of renal vasodilator prostaglandins, while COX-2 participates predominantly in the inflammatory process. Both are inhibited by non-selective NSAID such as indomethacin. Selective COX-2 inhibitors such as rofecoxib seem to have fewer renal side effects than non-selective inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the combined use of rofecoxib and gentamicin can prevent the increased renal injury caused by gentamicin and indomethacin. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were treated with gentamicin (100 mg/kg body weight, ip, N = 7), indomethacin (5 mg/ kg, orally, N = 7), rofecoxib (1.4 mg/kg, orally, N = 7), gentamicin + rofecoxib (100 and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively) or gentamicin + indomethacin (100 and 5 mg/kg, respectively, N = 8) for 5 days. Creatinine clearance and α-glutathione-S-transferase concentrations were used as markers of renal injury. Animals were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed for blood collection. The use of gentamicin plus indomethacin led to worsened renal function (0.199 ± 0.019 ml/min), as opposed to the absence of a nephrotoxic effect of rofecoxib when gentamicin plus rofexicob was used (0.242 ± 0.011 ml/min). These results indicate that COX-2-selective inhibitors can be used as an alternative treatment to conventional NSAID, especially in situations in which risk factors for nephrotoxicity are present.

Rev Med (São PauloRESUMO: Diabetes mellitus representa um grupo de desordens metabólicas heterogêneas que surge como resultado de hiperglicemia por déficit na secreção e/ou ação da insulina. Sua prevalência e gastos relacionados vêm crescendo no mundo todo. Entre suas complicações de longo prazo, a que mais gera admissões hospitalares é a úlcera de membros inferiores. Estas feridas frequentemente tornam-se crônicas devido a uma série de aberrações moleculares e celulares do processo de cicatrização, sendo as principais: alta concentração de metaloproteinases (MMPs), neuropatia, alta probabilidade de infecção e resposta inflamatória não fisiológica, estresse oxidativo, formação excessiva de AGEs (produtos de glicoxidação avançada), neoangiogênese deficiente, desbalanço entre metabolismo e entrega de nutrientes, concentrações inadequadas de fatores de crescimento e reguladores de expressão gênica, e anormalidades celulares. Com melhor compreensão científica desses eventos e da cicatrização fisiológica, novas abordagens da patologia poderão fornecer resultados mais satisfatórios ao seu tratamento. DESCRITORES:Pé diabético; Cicatrização; Ferimentos e lesões; Diabetes mellitus; Produtos finais de glicosilação.ABSTRACT: Diabetes depictures a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders that arise as a result of hyperglycemia due to the deficit of secretion and/or insulin action. Its prevalence and related costs have been growing around the world. Among its long-term complications, foot ulcer is the one that generates more hospital admissions. These wounds often become chronic due to a series of molecular and cellular aberrations of the healing process, being the main mechanisms the following: high concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neuropathy, high probability of infection and non-physiological inflammatory response, oxidative stress, excessive formation of AGEs (advanced glicoxidation end-products), deficient neoangiogenesis, imbalance between metabolism and nutrient delivery, inadequate concentrations of growth factors and gene expression regulators, and cellular abnormalities. With better scientific understanding of these events and physiological healing, new approaches to disease can provide more satisfactory results to the treatment.

The acute renal failure (ARF), that still presents a right mortality rate (50%) can be defined as an abrupt decline of the glomerular filtration, resultant of ischemic or toxicity event. The drugs nephrotoxicity is one of the most frequent cause (27%) of ARF and it is suggested that the interval of administration of the drug can interfere in this side effect, however the best administration regimen is not very well established. This study evaluated the renal function of rats that received gentamicin (100 mg/kg) in one dose or in two doses (2 x 50 mg/kg), by intraperitoneal infusion. The results obtained in this research, indicated that the single infusion of gentamicin determined smaller nephrotoxicity by the reduction of serum concentration of this drug in 24 hours, decreasing the intracellular accumulation of this gentamicin, which is one of the main cellular mechanisms of this renal injury. The single dose treatment regime, otherwise, shows advantages not only related to the nephrotoxicity effect, but also it is relevant to the cost and safety, which can be rationable factors in the administration of this drug.

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