K e y w o r d s: smart city, slow city, smart slow city, city development. A b s t r a c tThe objective of the study is characteristics of two development concepts of modern cities, i.e. smart city and slow city, and showing the possibilities of combining them in the proposed slow city model, drawing upon the assumptions of a smart city, which was determined as the smart slow city. Conclusions mainly rely on the performed reference literature studies (using the critical literature review method), which allowed for a synthetic presentation of the characteristics of the two discussed models of development, which are the basis for an independent description of the city model that unites these two approaches. The comparison of city development models was made on the basis of the following characteristics: the genesis of the city development idea, the rate of changes and the model of life related to it, key city development factors, the main objective of changes, key actors, activity areas, specialisation, scale of urban centres, city image, level of development policy, significance of cooperation, determinants or limitations in the implementation of the city development concept.Such an attempt of combining, by modern cities, of the potential offered by two development concepts (smart city and slow city), may contribute to the creation of an image of a modern city, the so-called smart slow city which, as a member of the Città slow network, considers the quality of residents' life as a priority, and uses modern technological solutions. SMART CITY, SLOW CITY I SMART SLOW CITY JAKO MODELE ROZWOJU WSPÓŁCZESNYCH MIAST Eliza Farelnik, Agnieszka StanowickaKatedra Makroekonomii Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie S ł o w a k l u c z o w e: smart city, slow city, smart slow city, rozwój miast. A b s t r a k tCelem badań była charakterystyka dwóch koncepcji rozwoju współczesnych miast, tj. smart city i slow city, oraz ukazanie możliwości ich łączenia w zaproponowanym modelu miasta slow city czerpiącym z założeń smart city, który określono jako smart slow city. Wnioskowanie oparto głównie na przeprowadzonych studiach literaturowych (z wykorzystaniem metody analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa), które pozwoliły syntetycznie zaprezentować cechy dwóch przedmiotowych modeli rozwoju, będących podstawą do wykonania autorskiej charakterystyki modelu miasta, łączącego te dwa podejścia. Modele rozwoju miast porównano na podstawie następujących cech: genezy idei rozwoju miasta, tempa zmian i związanego z nim modelu życia, głównego czynnika rozwoju miasta, głównego celu zmian, głównych aktorów, obszarów aktywności, specjalizacji, skali ośrodków miejskich, wizerunku miasta, poziomu polityki rozwoju, znaczenia współpracy, uwarunkowań lub ograniczeń realizacji koncepcji rozwoju miasta.Taka próba łączenia przez współczesne miasta możliwości, jakie dają obie koncepcje rozwoju (smart city i slow city), może się przyczynić do kreowania przez nie wizerunku nowoczesnego miasta, tzw. smart slow city, które jako członek s...

Research background: Many demographic, social, spatial, economic and infrastructural problems have accumulated in small cities in Poland. It seems that the situation of the smallest cities located farther away from large cities and metropolises is particularly difficult. A chance for their development may arise from cooperation within a network of cities which associates cities similar in size, paradigm and vision of development, such as the ‘Cittaslow — International network of cities where living is good’. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify main cooperation areas for slow cities in Poland. An analysis was made of the cooperation between 28 cities that are members of the Polish National Cittaslow Network. Methods: The research applied a critical review of the literature and a diagnostic survey method. The survey was carried out with a standardised questionnaire. It was addressed to mayors of all member cities of the Polish National Cittaslow Network. The study was made in 2018. Findings & Value added: The cooperation of cities belonging to the Cittaslow network in Poland is becoming more and more complex and concerns mainly the development of tourism and urban promotion. The shared logo and promotion of the urban network, organization of cultural events, exchange of experience, implementation of a supralocal revitalization program for several ‘slow cities’ from Warmia and Mazury, are examples of active cooperation. This proves that the competition between cities can be transformed into effective coopetition of cities. The idea of ‘slow’, which is fundamental to the development of the Cittaslow networked cities, creates an opportunity to design an individual development model for small cities that could apply to cities in Poland and elsewhere in the world.

Research background: Identification of the effects achieved by cities owing to their membership in the Cittaslow network plays a role not only in the development of every city, but also in the growth of national and international Cittaslow networks. Being a member of the Cittaslow network, and thereby adopting the slow city development model, affects the process of urban management by directing it towards such activities that agree with the assumed development concept. The achieved effects, manifested in the social, economic, and spatial spheres, contribute to the improved quality of life in a slow city, which in turn influences its development. Purpose of the article: Identification of the effects of membership of Polish cities in the Polish National Cittaslow Network. Methods: The study included a diagnostic survey method. The diagnostic survey based on a standardized survey questionnaire was used to identify the effects achieved by the Polish cities in the Cittaslow network. The survey was addressed to mayors of all member cities in the Polish National Cittaslow Network. The survey was conducted in May 2020. Findings & value added: The most important effects to date of cities being members of the Polish National Cittaslow Network, and their scale, have been investigated. An attempt was made to determine in which areas of urban life the effects become observable in a relatively short time (a few years), and which effects are attainable after a longer period of time. Major barriers to obtaining the desired effects were also identified. The research fills in a gap in this scope, as it provides a complex analysis of the effects of the membership of cities in the national Cittaslow network as seen by the city authorities. The results can serve to make comparative analyses of the effects achieved on different levels of development in the national Cittaslow networks, particular-ly in view of the fact that the Polish National Cittaslow Network is the second largest network in the world with respect to the number of member cities.

The slow city concept is associated with great care for the protection of the natural environment and the use of renewable energy sources. Thus, the study aimed to discuss the potential of the slow city model and the actual role of Cittaslow local governments in deploying renewable energy, based on the case study of the Polish Cittaslow Network. To achieve this aim, we carried out qualitative and quantitative data analyses, based on literature review and data for all 35 Polish Cittaslow municipalities, retrieved from: (i) development strategies (ii) a survey (iii) the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland, (iv) the Quality of Life Synthetic Index (QLI). To process the data, we applied descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Spearman’s rank test. Findings showed that the support for renewable energy deployment was not at a high level and did not correlate with the goals set in the Cittaslow development strategies. This was the result of a cumulation of pressing social and economic problems, which the local authorities in Poland are legally obliged to solve, while the implementation of renewable energy is not obligatory. The QLI for these municipalities was low and renewable energy was not a significant element in improving the quality of life of citizens.

The aim of this study was to identify the factors, determinants and barriers in the development of slow cities in Poland, with special attention paid to those connected with specific features of the slow city model and membership in the Cittaslow network. The research subject was the factors and determinants of the development of member cities of the Polish National Cittaslow Network. All analyses and conclusions were mainly based on a critical examination of the literature. An identification of determinants and factors involved in the development of slow cities in Poland was made, including the division of them into local, regional, national, international and global categories. Attention was drawn to the determinants of implementing the slow city model connected with the contemporary paradigm of the development of cities, which should be considered in the management of slow cities in Poland.