Background: The normal physiological range for white blood cells and differential count are essential for diagnosis, treatment, follow up and screening. This study aimed at establishing the reference ranges of WBCs and differential count in Sudanese people.Methods: The present study included 444 healthy adult Sudanese from both sexes with age range of 20 – 60 years. Blood samples were obtained from brachial veins and drawn in EDTA tubes. WBCs and differential count were analyzed using Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. Full clinical examination was performed, weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated.Results: The mean WBC count was 5.1±1.5×103/ µl with a range of 3.6 ×103/µl to 6.6 ×103/µl. The mean WBCs count for males and females were 4.969×103/µl and 5.138×103/µl respectively. Neutrophils count was 2.430×103/µl (47%) and mean for lymphocyte count was 2.116×103/µl (41.1%).Conclusions: WBCs count was directly proportional to BMI. The WBCs count of Sudanese people was lower than that of Caucasians and similar to reports from other African countries.

Ideal body weight with proper physical activity and good sleep are essential parameters for good quality of life. This study is concerned with assessing the association of general obesity, physical activity and sleeping hours with hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) parameters in healthy adults in Sudan. In this cross sectional study, 1086 healthy adults between 20 and 60 years were included out of which 275 were males and 811 were females. A complete blood count (CBC) was performed for Hb, RBC count, PCV, MCH and MCHC using Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. The median and 95 percentile (2.5th to 97.5th) range values for Hb and RBC count in underweight were 13.0 (Range: 9.6-16.7) g/dl and 4.6 (Range: 3.6-5.8) ×1000/µL respectively, while Hb and RBC count in obese were 13.1 (Range: 10.4-17.0) g/dl and 4.6 (Range: 3.7-5.9) ×1000/µL respectively, with no significant difference. The RBC count (p=0.004) and Hb (p≤0.001) were significantly high in physically active compared to physically inactive participants; whereas the hemoglobin concentration (p=0.047), red blood cells (p=0.007) and hematocrit (p≤0.001) values were significantly low in long-term sleep compared to normal sleeping hours. In conclusion, there were no significant differences in hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, PCV, MCH and MCHC between under weight, normal weight, overweight and obese persons. Increased physical activity was associated with higher Hb levels and RBC counts, while long-term sleep showed lower Hb and RBCs.

Background: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases are the most prevalent metabolic disorders in Sudan. The value of HbA1C reflects the glycemic status over the last 2-3 months. So, in this study, an insight for thyroid hormone regulation of glucose metabolism is investigated. Is to study the association between thyroid hormones levels, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c in healthy adults.Methods: A cross sectional study was performed in a healthy Sudanese cohort in the period between September 2017 to November 2018, involving 610 healthy adult Sudanese aged 20 to 60 years. HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS), T3, T4 and TSH were measured.Results: The study results demonstrated a significant association between the median concentration of T3 and T4 with plasma level of HbA1c. A significant linear correlation between serum concentration of T3 and fasting blood sugar (FBS) was observed. Inverse correlation was detected between serum TSH and HbA1c, FBS in study population.Conclusions: The present study concluded that FBS and HbA1c levels were increased with increasing of both T3 and T4. Based on this study all the thyroid patients’ especially hyperthyroid patients should have regular checkup of their glucose levels.

Background: During pregnancy, maternal metabolic environment is modified by a rise in serum levels of estrogen and progesterone, pancreatic beta-cell hyperplasia and an increase in the secretion of insulin. Hyperinsulinemia leads to an increase in peripheral glucose utilization, a decline in fasting plasma glucose levels, increased tissue storage of glycogen, increased storage of fats and decreased lipolysis. The aim of our current study to investigate the changes in lipid profile, blood glucose and blood pressure throughout three trimesters in pregnant ladies. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based, descriptive analytical cross-sectional study, performed at refer clinic of Omdurman Maternity hospital in Khartoum state. Included 150 apparently healthy pregnant ladies in the study group and 40 healthy non-pregnant ladies as a control group. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were measured and blood sample was obtained to analyzed lipid profile and blood glucose. Results: Data analysis showed that the mean level of triglyceride tend to change from slight increase in first trimester and significant increase in the second and third trimester. While mean level of HDL tend to change from slight decrease in the first and second trimester to significant decrease in the third trimester. Whereas there was an increase in both total cholesterol and LDL but was not significant. The mean level of fasting blood glucose was significantly raised in third trimester compared to other first and second Trimesters. Both component of blood pressure was significantly elevated in the first and third trimesters compare to second trimester. Conclusion: Normal pregnancy is associated with dyslipidemic changes due to elevated pregnancy related hormones. Increased insulin resistance leads to production of dyslipidemic changes in mother in form of elevated TG, total cholesterol, LDL and decreased HDL in serum and increased random blood glucose.

Echocatdiography is one of a valiable and important tools which help in the diagnosis of right atrial thrombus in transit. Early diagnosis will help in early initiation of tratment and better out come and prognosis. We present a case of right atrial thrombus in trasit diagnosed by Transthoracic Ecocardiography and treated with anticoagulant which gave a good result and the patient was completey recovered.