Hair dyes are widely used as cosmetic agents to color the grey hair around the world. Pphenylenediamine (PPD) induced genotoxicity due to dermal application was investigated in this study. 90 rats conducted this study and were classified into main 4 groups. Negative control group, positive control group. In-addition, two toxicity groups; short term toxicity group and long term toxicity group. Both toxicity groups were further subdivided according to PPD dose into 10 and 15 mg/kg subgroups. The results showed that repeated dermal exposure to PPD induced significant DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes in dose and time dependent manner.

Background: Gender determination is an essential issue in forensic medicine. It is one of the deceased person identification data that could not be easily elucidated in several conditions as road traffics and mass disasters. Maxillary sinus is characterized by being intact even with skull disfigurement. Aim of the study: assessment of the maxillary sinus dimensions as measured from CT scan and evaluation of its potential efficacy in sex determination. Patients and methods: 64 patients attended the radiology department Al-Demerdash hospital, Ain Shams University for paranasal sinuses computerized tomography (PNS CT scan) were the subjects of the study. CT scan was performed and maxillary sinus dimensions were obtained. Results: no statistically significant difference was found between both genders regarding the maxillary sinus dimensions. Conclusion: The current study did not validate the use of maxillary sinus dimensions in sex determination among Egyptian individuals.