The genus Aeromonas is widely distributed in aquatic environments and is recognized as a potential human pathogen. Some Aeromonas species are able to cause a wide spectrum of diseases, mainly gastroenteritis, skin and soft-tissue infections, bacteremia, and sepsis. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in raw fish markets and humans in Zagazig, Egypt; identify the factors that contribute to virulence; determine the isolates’ profile of antibiotic resistance; and to elucidate the ability of Aeromonas spp. to form biofilms. The examined samples included fish tissues and organs from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, n = 160) and mugil (Mugil cephalus, n = 105), and human skin swabs (n = 51) and fecal samples (n = 27). Based on biochemical and PCR assays, 11 isolates (3.2%) were confirmed as Aeromonas spp. and four isolates (1.2%) were confirmed as A. hydrophila. The virulence genes including haemolysin (hyl A) and aerolysin (aer) were detected using PCR in A. hydrophila in percentages of 25% and 50%, respectively. The antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. was assessed against 14 antibiotics comprising six classes. The resistance to cefixime (81.8%) and tobramycin (45.4%) was observed. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged between 0.142–0.642 with 64.2% of the isolates having MAR values equal to 0.642. Biofilm formation capacity was assessed using a microtiter plate assay, and two isolates (18.1%) were classified as biofilm producers. This study establishes a baseline for monitoring and controlling the multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. and especially A. hydrophila in marine foods consumed in our country to protect humans and animals.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in the world, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Enterobacterales species are considered the most causative agent for UTI, especially uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Here, we investigated the antibacterial activity of the green fungal metabolite, 6-pentyl α pyrone lactone, alone or in combination with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales recovered from UTI. The results revealed that 57.27% of human urine samples were positive for Enterobacterales, where E. coli was the most prevalent bacterial pathogen (66.67%). Of note, 98.41% of Enterobacterales isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.437 to 1. Fifty percent of the examined isolates were positive for the integrase gene; 60% out of them harbored class 2 integron, whereas the other 40% carried class 1 integrons. The broth microdilution assay ensured that the 6-pentyl-α-pyrone lactone had a reasonable antimicrobial effect against the examined isolates (Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 16–32 μg/mL). However, ZnONPs showed a strong antimicrobial effect against the investigated isolates with MIC values ranging from 0.015 to 32 μg/mL. Interestingly, the MICs decreased 5–12 fold and 3–11 fold for 6-pentyl-α-pyrone lactone and ZnONPs, respectively, against examined isolates after their combination. This is the first report suggesting the use of 6-pentyl α pyrone lactone and ZnONPs combination as a promising candidate against MDR Enterobacterales recovered from UTI.

In the present study, biologically active compounds such as phenolic-rich extract (PRE), 7S globulin (vicilin), and 11S globulin (legumin) from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds were extracted and evaluated as antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales isolated from both animal and human sources. The overall occurrence rate of Enterobacterales was 43.6%, which significantly differed between animal (38.75%) and human (56.67%) sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Enterobacterales isolates exhibited full resistance (100%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, followed by ampicillin (75.44%), erythromycin (71.93%), cefoxitin (70.18%), amoxicillin (66.66%), ceftriaxone (64.91%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (56.14%). Worthy of note, 97.92% of Enterobacterales isolates were MDR. The total phenolic contents (TPC; 53 ± 2 mg GAE g-1) and total flavonoid contents (TFC; 26 ± 1 mg QE g-1) were recorded. The major phenolic and flavonoid components were catechol (17.63 μg/mL) and hesperidin (11.37 μg/mL), respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to detect the 7S and 11S globulin‘s molecular mass. The data revealed that red kidney bean protein isolate (KPI) includes two major portions: 7S and 11S globulins. The bioactive compounds of Phaseolus vulgaris were investigated for their antibacterial activities against Enterobacterales for the first time. The protein component (MIC = 0.125 – 2 μg/mL; 53.85%) and its 7S and 11S globulin subunits (MIC = 0.5 – 2 μg/mL; 30.77% each) were the most potent extracts, whereas the methanolic extract was the least effective one (MIC = 2 μg/mL; 15.38%). The results displayed the potential of protein bioactive compounds as a hopeful candidate for enhancing future medication plans for the treatment of Enterobacterales originating from animal and human sources.

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, molecular characterization, virulence genes, resistance genes and antimicrobial profile of nosocomial extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Klebsiella species. A total of 22 (12.2%) K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 180 clinical samples collected from hospitalized patients in Egypt. K. pneumoniae biotypes were B1 (72.8%), B3 (13.6%) and B4 (13.6%). The isolates were classified for the capsular serotypes, 86.4% (20/22) were of K1 serotype, while only two isolates (13.64%) were of K2 serotype. Hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae isolates accounted for 68.2%. Biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae was determined by microtitre plate method. The majority of the isolates (40.9%) were moderate biofilm producers, while 27.3% were strong biofilm producers. All K. pneumoniae strains were positive for fimH and traT genes, while magA was identified in only 63.6% of the isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates (n = 22) was determined by the disc diffusion technique using 23 different antibiotics. Streptomycin and imipenem are the most effective antibiotics against 22 tested K. pneumoniae isolates with sensitivity rates of 63.64% and 54.54% respectively. All tested K. pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance to amoxicillin∕clavulanate (100%), cefuroxime (100%) and ceftazidime (95.45%). Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) production and the presence of ESBL‐related genes were tested in the isolates. All the isolates tested positive for blaVIM, NDM1 and blaTEM, while only 81.8 %tested positive for the blaSHV gene. Increasing antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections limits the use of antimicrobial agents for treatment. Furthermore, the spread of biofilm, multiple drug resistant and ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae isolates is a public threat for hospitalized patients.

Sixty-two bacterial isolates were collected from clinical specimens of patients suffering from a bacterial infection. These bacterial isolates were obtained from 8 different specimens: urine, pus, sputum, Blood, Pleural fluid, Endotracheal aspirate, the central venous catheter, and a swab from the chest tube. Morphology and common laboratory biochemical tests carried out on the bacterial samples were grown on different isolation media namely: Blood agar, MacConkey agar, nutrient agar and CLED agar media and the biochemical tests are Coagulase, Catalase, Oxidase, Urease, Citrate utilization, Indole, Lysine Decarboxylase, Ornithine Decarboxylase, H2S production and TSI (Triple sugar iron agar test). The results showed that there are three different types of Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The Antibiotics assay was performed by using 12 type of antibiotics using the disc diffusion methods and using the Well diffusion method to measure and record the inhibition zones produced by Nigella Sativa and Lawsonia inermis (Henna) extracts against the obtained Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The antimicrobial activity of Nigella Sativa extract against Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has inhibition zones respectively are 14,17 and 11mm with concentration 50mg% only however, Lawsonia inermis extract inhibition zones are [16 mm: 32 mm] with 10, 20, 25, and 50 mg% concentrations for all tested bacterium. The antimicrobial effect of Nigella Sativa nanoparticles was greater than Nigella Sativa extract in the case of Acinetobacter baumannii inhibition zone is 18± 1 mm followed by the effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae with 15± 1 mm diameter and no effect or no clear zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain.