The use of periodontal surgery to treat the condition of gummy smile is an essentially aesthetic approach and plays an important role in raising the self-esteem of patients. Effective treatment requires identification of the best technique for the correction, and the long-term predictability of the procedure. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review of scientific evidence relating to the periodontal surgery techniques used to treat gummy smile. Method and Materials: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria A total of five (05) articles from the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were analyzed. The majority of cases found featured women, and the average age was 26 years. In most cases, the predominant surgical technique was based on the use of gingivectomy with osteotomy, with a follow-up period of around 6 months. Conclusion: This review revealed a serious lack of controlled and randomized clinical studies into the use of periodontal surgery to treat gummy smiles and highlighted a need for longitudinal clinical studies, with greater evidence, about the best type of periodontal surgery for this purpose.
Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato hidroetanólico da folha de Spondias mombin (S. mombin L.) sobre bactérias do gênero Streptococcus: S. mutans, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguinis e S. salivarius, comparando-a à atividade antimicrobiana da solução de digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% sobre essas mesmas bactérias. Metodologia: Foram realizados os testes in vitro de Determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima, Determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima de Aderência e Análise da Cinética Bactericida. Resultados: Para o Streptococcus mutans, o grupo controle foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao extrato até a concentração 31,25mg/ml, não ocorrendo diferença estatística nas demais concentrações. Para o Streptococcus oralis, o extrato foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao grupo controle em sua forma bruta (500mg/ml), o grupo controle teve significância estatística (p<0,05) sobre o extrato apenas nas concentrações 62,5mg/ml, 31,25mg/ml, 1,95mg/ml e 0,97mg/ml. Para o Streptococcus sanguinis, foi constatado que o extrato foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao grupo controle nas duas primeiras concentrações 500mg/ml e 250mg/ml, ao passo que o grupo controle teve significância estatística (p<0,05) sobre o extrato apenas nas duas últimas concentrações: 1,95mg/ml e 0,97mg/ml. O grupo controle foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao extrato em todas as concentrações no Streptococcus mitis, exceto para a concentração 31,25mg/ml. Para a Streptococcus salivarius, o extrato foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao grupo controle na maioria das concentrações testadas, com exceção apenas para 15,65mg/ml e 1,95mg/ml, que não foram observados diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o extrato e o grupo controle. Conclusão: o extrato hidroetanólico de Spondias mombin L., em diferentes concentrações, apresenta atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% frente a bactérias bucais do gênero Streptococcus.
Objective: To chemically characterize Spondias mombin L. extracts and to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of these extracts on Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Material and methods: Both extracts were submitted to phytochemical prospecting and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis prior to determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Inhibitory Adhesion Concentration (MIAC) and Bactericidal Kinetics (BK). The Student’s t-test was used to compare MIC results at the 5% significance level. The chemical characterization, MIAC and BK data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were detected in the extracts. The hydroethanolic extracts in different concentrations showed statistically superior inhibitory bacterial growth activity (p <0.05) compared to the control against the two investigated microorganisms, whereas the aqueous extracts (also in different concentrations) was statistically superior (p <0.05) to the control only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anti-adherent effect of both extracts was superior to that of the control for P. aeruginosa, and similar to that for E. faecalis. In their crude and diluted concentrations, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts showed bactericidal action within the first two to four hours of contact with the bacteria. Conclusion: Spondias mombin L. extracts in different concentrations showed superior antimicrobial activity than 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate against the microorganisms with this activity associated to the chemical characterization of these extracts.
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